How to pronounce "vaccine"

refrigerated and maintain the cold chain.

If the vaccine is too warm the vaccine breaks down,

but interestingly it can be too cold

and the vaccine can break down as well.

Now, the stakes are very high.

The WHO estimates that within Africa,

up to half the vaccines used there

are considered to not be working properly

because at some point the cold chain has fallen over.

So it's a big problem, and it's tied in with the needle and syringe

because it's a liquid form vaccine, and when it's liquid it needs the refrigeration.

A key attribute of our Nanopatch

is that the vaccine is dry,

and when it's dry it doesn't need refrigeration.

Within my lab we've shown that we can keep

the vaccine stored at 23 degrees Celsius

for more than a year without any loss in activity at all.

That's an important improvement.

(Applause)

We're delighted about it as well.

And the thing about it is that we have well and truly proven