How to pronounce "plenary"

HW: Hi everyone, I am Helen Walters.

I am head of Media and Curation here at TED.

Welcome to another episode of TED Explains the World

with the one and only, Ian Bremmer.

It is Monday, February 24,

a little more than a month since President Trump was inaugurated once more,

and safe to say, a lot has been going on.

So we figured we'd check in with Ian

to determine what we should really be paying attention to

amid the extreme noise.

Ian, hi.

Ian Bremmer: Helen, great to be back with you.

HW: So we asked the TED community to share their questions for you,

and we wanted them to share what they're most curious to know.

And we really got some amazing questions

that I plan to pepper this conversation with.

So let's start with one right now.

Two months into 2025, where does the US stand?

IB: Very powerfully, in the sense that the US economy, of course,

is performing considerably better

than any of the other G7 economies coming still out of the pandemic.

Technologically, only close competitor is China,

ahead of the US in some areas, behind the US and other critical areas.

But compared to every other country in the world,

the US is head and shoulders and neck or waist above them.

Militarily, of course,

the US is the only country with global ability to project power.

No one else is close.

And the US dollar is still the global reserve currency,

no one is approximate challenger.

I say all of those things

because those are the things that haven't really changed

over the course of the last few months,

but I suspect that isn't what the questioner was asking.

What they were really asking is what's happening politically.

And politically,

the United States is unwinding its own global order.

It is no longer particularly interested

in promoting collective security or NATO.

It's no longer really interested in promoting involvement and leadership

of multilateral institutions,

of consistent rule of law

and free trade that's well regulated,

certainly not very interested in promoting democracy around the world.

I mean, this is an environment where other countries around the world

have to figure out how to adapt to the United States,

and that the US has become the principal driver

of geopolitical risk and uncertainty in the world today,

unlike any other time in my lifetime and yours,

that's perhaps the biggest change.

HW: That is quite a statement.

Alright, you are a geopolitical expert.

Let's talk about Europe.

So Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth stated

that America's foreign policy focus no longer lies in Europe.

Vice President JD Vance caused some raised eyebrows,

dropped jaws and, I suspect, some choice expletives

after his recent speech at the Munich Security Conference,

in which he accused European leaders of suppressing free speech

and warned of the threat from within.

So you were in Munich.

Was it as dramatic as the stories we read had it?

And what happens next?

IB: It was. I was in the room.

I was maybe 30 feet away from him when he gave that speech.

Standing right in the front,

right next to me was the president of Czechia,

the president of Finland, the prime minister of Sweden,

watching all of them and their reactions.

What he said,

let's keep in mind, this is the Munich Security Conference.

It's been going on now for something like 61 years.

And he was the head of the US delegation.

And every year the head of the US delegation gives a big speech

on the state of the transatlantic alliance

and on global security.

And he didn't do that.

I mean,

the people in the audience were expecting a challenging speech.

They were expecting that the Americans would be less committed

to the alignment with the Europeans on Ukraine.

The US had just had that direct Trump phone call

with Vladimir Putin, 90 minutes long.

Hadn't coordinated that with the Europeans,

never mind the Ukrainians, in advance.

So, I mean, they were definitely prepared for a very challenging plenary.

But Vance did none of that.

Vance said, "I'm not going to talk about Ukraine or Russia or China,

because the biggest problem is actually what's happening inside Europe.

The biggest problem, essentially, are you guys sitting in front of me,

that I'm speaking to, because you're suppressing free speech.

You're suppressing the far right.

You’ve been infected by the woke mind virus,

and you aren't real democracies as a consequence."

And specifically he said,

and this is something that I think is underappreciated in the United States,

he attacked the German firewall.

And said that --

And let me explain what the German firewall is.

That is a principle

by the leaders of all of the mainstream German parties

and their supporters

that they will not, under any circumstances,

work with, enter into coalition with the Alternative for Deutschland party,

the AfD.

Because the AfD,

under surveillance from German intelligence agencies,

is considered to be a neo-Nazi party.

And the United States, of course,

after World War II,

led de-nazification of Germany.

The day before,

Vance had actually gone to Dachau and visited a concentration camp,

and then came to speak in Germany about the firewall needing to be ended.

And at that point someone yelled out from the crowd,

"This is unacceptable!"

And it was right in the front.

And people in the room, about 1,500 people in the room,

standing room only,

couldn't see who it was.

They'd just see the back of his head.

I saw who it was.

It was the German Defense Minister, Pistorius.

And in 15 years of me going to the Munich Security Conference,

I have never seen anything remotely like that.

And the reason I mention all of this, and of course,

on the back of that, let me be clear,

Vance refused to meet with the German chancellor

because he's basically, well, he's not relevant.

He's only going to be there for a couple more months

until a new government, so why should I bother?

But does meet with the leader of this AfD, goes and meets with her directly,

does a bilateral that evening.

So that is a very important backdrop

for this last weekend's German elections,

where the victor, Friedrich Mertz,

who is going to be the next chancellor,

actually referred specifically to America's intervention

in German democracy

and support of the AfD

being every bit as bad

as what the Kremlin is doing inside Germany,

and also said that the Europeans need to develop a defense policy

which is independent of the United States,

in other words,

essentially saying that it will be the end of NATO.

Again, staggering comments, unheard of,

impossible to imagine even two weeks ago.

And that's why it's very critical that you have the context

of what happened between Vance,

Elon Musk over the past couple of months, Trump,

with the Germans, with the Europeans.

So you can understand why the incoming German chancellor

would make a statement like that.

HW: What should we make of all of the conversation

about the rise of Nazism, the return of Nazism?

Obviously, the AfD just won 20 percent in the German election.

We've also seen people allegedly giving Nazi salutes

at various US conventions and speeches.

Do you think this is overblown?

Is this a fear that people have rationally?

And what should we make of that?

IB: In Germany,

the Alternative for Deutschland,

are winning all of former East Germany.

This is a group that increasingly understands

that they're never going to really catch up to the rest of Germany.

Remember, Germany hasn't really grown in five years now.

They've been in recession for the last two.

And the average citizen,

the average voter,

living in former East Germany

no longer are just angry about not catching up.

They're basically saying, "I'm done with this system."

So that's why you're getting this very strident,

revanchist nationalism that is, you know,

it's not just taking a hard line on illegal immigrants.

The AfD even supports removing citizens of Germany

that they claim have not adequately integrated

into German culture and nationality.

And so, I mean, this is some very, very strong stuff,

stuff that really does feel like what they were doing

back in Nazi Germany.

But in former East Germany, they win.

They get the largest number of votes,

where, in much of the wealthier part of West Germany,

including, you know, where I was, in Munich,

the AfD can't break out of single digits.

So it's a very, very divided country.

And also the AfD is doing very, very well among young men.

There's a clear gender divide here as well,

just as there is in the United States.

In the US,

I mean, I, of course, saw Elon Musk

and that, you know, sort of grabbing his heart, saying,

"My heart goes out to you"

and then doing what appeared to be mimicking a Nazi salute.

And then Steve Bannon doing the same

without the initial heartfelt comment.

It clearly was trolling.

Clearly was trying to get a reaction from folks.

It's very performative.

And it's meant to also, you know, attack and attach,

make the left lose their minds

on something that isn't very critical

to what the Trump administration is trying to do

compared to the revolutionary changes inside the US government

that they are very much prioritizing right now.

So I'm very concerned about the rise of neo-Nazism in Germany.

I am very much not concerned about that in the US.

I'm concerned about other things I'm thinking is being used as gaslighting

for those that can use distractions or can be distracted by them.

And I would also say that this election in Germany wasn't surprising.

It was exactly as the polls have expected for several months now.

But the key elections in Germany

and the key elections in Europe are the next cycle.

I've spoken with a lot of people around the Trump administration

that believe that the Europeans are one electoral cycle behind the United States.

So in other words,

Trumpism is coming, just not quite yet.

And so in the UK, you've got Labour for a full term.

But the Reform Party is increasingly the most popular.

And just with a little nudge, maybe a little external money,

and Elon said he's already thinking about giving them 100 million dollars,

which is a massive amount in UK politics, not so much in the US,

that the Conservatives would fragment,

a rump group would join with Reform,

and they could win the next elections.

In France, you've had all of these governments continue to collapse.

Macron, very unpopular.

Marine Le Pen and the National Rally party

could easily win upcoming elections in 2027.

In 2029, in Germany,

if the Germans are incapable of turning their economy around,

incapable of unwinding their debt break

and spending some of the capital that's just sitting there

and as their debt to GDP goes down,

but their economy contracts at the same time,

then AfD could easily win in 2029,

and then the firewall is no more.

And then, of course, in the European Union elections overall,

in five years' time, now four and a half,

you could easily see the Patriots front,

which is the equivalent to the far right grouping

that these parties are a part of,

they could all come together and be the dominant party.

And then the EU as we know it is really a thing of the past.

So these are existential changes that are happening

not just for NATO right now, but also for the EU

and quite plausibly, for the future of democracy as we know it.

HW: Alright, let's turn to Ukraine.

So President Trump accused President Zelenskyy

of starting the war with Russia

and called him "a dictator without elections."

Last week, senior American and Russian officials met in Riyadh

to discuss a potential cease-fire

with no Ukrainians present.

Now Zelenskyy has offered to step down

in return for Ukrainian admission to NATO,

although apparently he doesn't really mean this.

So what happens to Ukraine now?

What should we be paying attention to?

IB: Well, I mean, I think he would mean it

if NATO membership happened.

I'd love to see Trump call his bluff on that.

But of course it's not going to.

And he wasn't saying that six months or a year ago.

He's saying it now that NATO is truly being pulled off the table.

I think it's the right thing for him to do.

It is, again, performative

and helps to remind those around the world

that Ukraine is fighting for self-determination.

They're fighting for the ability to join their own alliance,

as any country in the world should be able to do.

But that is not Trump's belief.

Trump believes that what you get to do

is determined by how powerful you are,

not by the fact that you happen to run a country.

And indeed, the territorial integrity

is something that is afforded to powerful countries,

but not so much for weak countries.

And that's the way he feels about Panama,

and that's the way he feels about Denmark and Greenland.

And that's certainly the way he feels about Ukraine.

So right now, as you and I are speaking,

the United States is putting forward a new UN resolution

at the General Assembly

that says that the war has to end as fast as possible

but does not recognize Ukraine's territorial integrity,

which has been a core precept of the international order

that the United States has supported since creating the United Nations

and since the end of World War II in 1945.

The Americans are now throwing that out.

And the Russians, of course, are fully supportive of that.

America's allies in Europe are not.

But the US has gotten the Saudis to agree,

and they're getting a unified Arab block.

The Americans have privately worked with a lot of poorer countries in Africa,

in the Asia Pacific and others, smaller countries, and saying,

"You're not going to get any aid from the US

unless you vote in favor of this new resolution."

I fully expect the resolution is going to pass.

But of course, what that means is that the Americans are preparing

to cut a deal on Ukraine over the heads of the Ukrainians.

In other words, the US and Russia together

will figure out what a ceasefire should and should not entail

as part of a broader US-Russia rapprochement.

This is obviously a disaster for the Ukrainians

and the Ukrainians who initially refuse to accept this so-called deal,

on Ukrainian natural resources

that would grant the Americans $500 billion

in access to such resources in return for "paying off" aid

that the Americans had granted to the Ukrainians

without conditions or strings, but apparently no longer.

And so, you know, what does this all mean?

Well it means it's yet another case of why people shouldn't trust the United States

from one administration to the next,

because foreign policy will change completely.

And what you thought was an American commitment won't stand.

It shows that there is a fundamental rift

between the Americans and the Europeans

and indeed, Emmanuel Macron in the United States right now,

as you and I speak,

hoping that he can do something

that will keep Trump from, as Macron believes,

essentially surrendering to, conceding to, the Russian position

and maintaining some level of coordination with the Europeans.

But he doesn't have a lot to offer.

And the Ukrainians, you know,

now in a position of desperation

where maybe they will end up signing over a lot of their natural resources

to the Americans.

But what, if anything, will they get in return for that?

And how empowered will the Russians be in any deal that is cut?

And will an independent Ukraine even be able to survive,

and what will the terms that will be required of them?

Of course, Putin is saying things like, no European troops of any sort,

whether in a NATO formulation or not,

would be allowed as peacekeepers in Ukraine.

Well, then, how would you guarantee,

what kind of security commitments would you give to the Ukrainians?

These are all open questions,

but apparently questions

that President Trump is prepared to largely resolve

on Russia's terms.

And again, this is such a dramatic change

from where the United States

and where the Western order was just a month or two ago.

HW: So let's take some quick-fire questions from our community

related to this topic.

And I think the first one is particularly pertinent

to what you just said, so it's simple.

What does Putin have over Trump?

IB: I don't think

that Putin "has" anything over Trump.

If he did,

then why wouldn't Trump have granted Russia more in his first term?

In his first term he gave the Ukrainians

those javelin anti-tank missiles that Obama refused to give.

And, you know, he thought they were too risky.

He increased sanctions against Russia.

Now that was his administration with a lot of hawkish

in orientation advisors around him that he doesn't have this time around.

They're all directly loyal to him.

But, I mean, if it was a priority for him, he could have stopped it.

And if the Russians had something over him,

then why wouldn't they have used it in that case?

It feels like a conspiracy theory.

I don't buy it.

I think very differently.

We can explain what's happening

because number one, Trump wants to end wars.

It's very popular with his base.

He's said this on Gaza.

He's said this on Iran,

where Israel wants him to support attacks on Iran's nuclear capabilities,

and Trump has said no.

And he's showing this on Ukraine.

He doesn't want to spend money on the Ukrainians going forward

after spending over 100 billion dollars under the last three years

from the Biden administration.

He doesn't want to spend that money going forward.

And he also doesn't value a strong Europe.

He actually thinks that a weak Europe is in America's interests,

where you have more Brexits.

He used to always talk to the French about that

during his first term, "Why won't you do Brexit?"

He wants all of these MAGA-type populist parties,

including the AfD,

to win in Europe because that legitimizes his own popularity.

Just like he loves Milei in Argentina

or Bukele in El Salvador.

And so I think if you put those things together,

you actually get to why Trump is doing what he's doing

with the Russians

without needing to create a story

about Trump somehow being threatened by some secret,

shadowy information

that the Russians have on Trump that they've let him know about

but nobody else knows.

I just don't buy that.

HW: Great. OK, another community question.

If the US hands Ukraine to Russia, will Russia keep going?

Will they attempt to take over Europe?

IB: It's interesting that Trump just met with the Polish president, President Duda.

It was supposed to be an hour meeting, it was only 10 minutes.

So he kind of embarrassed him at home in Poland.

But he did say that the US is still committed to maintaining a troop presence

on the ground in Poland.

And so it's very hard to imagine the Russians rolling through Ukraine

and then into Poland,

even though there's been lots of asymmetric warfare, for example,

and even there have been, you know, Russian missiles launched into Lviv,

Ukrainian air defense, missile defense,

and with Polish villagers getting killed because of the fighting.

So, I mean, there's been spillover.

But America is still going to be in Poland.

Why is that?

They get along pretty well,

and the Poles are heading towards five percent

of GDP defense spend this year,

which has been the high water mark of American demands of defense spend.

So he's, you know, been consistent on that over the past months.

Baltic states.

I mean, they're all spending a lot more money on their defense.

And so, I mean, in principle,

you could imagine the United States maintaining these rotational deployments

in the Baltics,

which would prevent the Russians from invading.

But might Trump say, as part of a deal,

"Why do we have all those troops there?"

You mentioned Pete Hegseth saying

the Americans need to get troops out of Europe

and get them to Asia,

which is where their principal competitive, you know, sort of,

strategy is going to be oriented.

And the US hasn't been pressing the Japanese or the Indians,

the principal partners, allies in Asia vis-à-vis China,

the way they've been pressing the French, the Brits, the Germans in Europe.

So I think it is certainly plausible that the Russians will do more,

especially with those countries that refuse to align

with a Trump rapprochement towards Russia.

The countries I would be most worried about are Moldova,

are Georgia.

I’d be most worried about the countries that are in the so-called “near abroad”

that aren’t a part of NATO,

and aren't going to become a part of NATO,

and therefore are much more vulnerable.

But certainly in terms of Russia's willingness to engage in espionage,

to fund actors on the ground for arson attacks, assassinations,

critical infrastructure attacks on fiber networks, on pipelines,

I think all of those things are likely to increase

against European states across the board,

on the back of this US-Russia rapprochement.

HW: OK, final community question for this segment.

What happens if the US no longer supports NATO?

IB: It's possible that the United States is moving

towards a similar posture in Europe that they presently have in Asia,

which is strong individual bilateral deals

with a number of countries: South Korea, Japan, Australia,

but not a collective security agreement,

where those countries together have more of a call on the United States

and there's a lot more free riding.

So I could imagine that NATO falls apart

and becomes that.

The danger is that even though the Europeans now understand

the nature of the threat,

that it is very plausible and maybe even baseline,

that the Americans are going to leave Europe collectively on its own.

That that seriousness does not equate to the ability

to increase spending adequately in the near term.

The Germans did manage to pull together an electoral outcome

that will allow for a so-called grand coalition, just barely.

So you'll have a two-party government in all likelihood

instead of a three.

But you also have a blocking capacity

on the part of the far right and the far left

that will prevent the Germans

from really blowing out their spending, including their defense spending,

unless they can pull something off before that new government is formed.

Which is possible, but it's unlikely to be very big.

The Brits are now talking about maybe moving the 2.5 percent

of GDP defense spend over years

with a very challenging fiscal environment.

The Spaniards, not even close, the Italians, not even close.

So what does a European military capability really look like?

And without the Americans, the answer is it's not there.

It's not there.

So I think that if NATO falls apart,

the reality is that most of Europe will be incredibly vulnerable

to external attack, especially Russian attack,

And there won't be a way for them to defend themselves,

and some of them will break

and therefore want to work more directly

and individually with the United States.

And that could be the end, not only of NATO,

but it could be the end of the European Union.

I think this is, the stakes are incredibly high,

this is an existential challenge for European governments

that needed to take this seriously 30 years ago, 20 years ago,

certainly in 2014,

when the Russians invaded Ukraine,

certainly, certainly in 2016 when Trump was elected,

and certainly, certainly, certainly in 2022

when the Russians then invaded all of Ukraine.

And at every point the Europeans were basically saying,

"We're still fine with the Americans basically doing this."

And now they are in very serious trouble.

HW: No time like the present, I suppose.

Alright, let’s move on.

So I mentioned the discussions in Saudi

and obviously also on the agenda there with the discussions about Gaza

and Trump's proposal to build a Gaza Riviera.

What should we make of that?

Or as one of our community members asked, what is the actual solution for Gaza?

And surely it isn't what the US is proposing.

IB: Well, look, here's what's interesting.

You know, Trump says a lot of things,

and when they don’t work [out],

he backs out fairly quickly.

And you know, I thought -- just stick with Ukraine for one second on this.

It was interesting to me that Trump has said

that he doesn’t want to talk to Zelenskyy

because he has no cards, he has no leverage.

And so why should he let him at the table?

And so Trump's going to cut the deal.

Very interesting that if that is true,

then why is it that the Secretary of Treasury brings this deal and says,

“You’ve got to sign this right now, Zelenskyy”

And Zelenskyy refuses.

And then a few days later,

the Americans come back with a new deal with altered terms

that are not quite as predatory vis-à-vis Ukraine.

Why would the Americans change their tune

for someone that has no leverage?

Because, I don't think it's because Trump is a nice guy.

He's not going soft at 78.

I think it's because he overstated how little leverage Ukraine has.

Ukraine is very popular among the GOP in the House and Senate,

far more than Putin.

Zelenskyy is far more popular in the United States

among the voting population than Putin.

And of course, he's also much more popular among the Europeans

and even globally than Putin.

And so it turns out that maybe there is a little bit of leverage

that Zelenskyy has,

and maybe Trump does have to give a little bit more.

So this is relevant in the context of Gaza,

because Trump was very annoyed that, you know,

despite his ability to get a cease fire

between Hamas and Israel over the goal line,

that his friends in the Middle East were not coming up with a plan for Gaza.

Where they were supposed to provide security and provide investment

and lead reconstruction

and deal with the Palestinian populations in the interim.

And that wasn't happening.

And so Trump then

meeting with Prime Minister Netanyahu from Israel

in Washington,

then after that, summoning the Jordanian king,

who was the ally that is most reliant on the United States

and so, therefore, most needing to say yes

to whatever Trump orders of him.

Basically says, as you mentioned, Helen,

that Gaza is going to be a Riviera,

that the US is going to turn this into an incredible place.

They're going to build wonderful homes for the Palestinians someplace else.

And the Palestinians will all volunteer to leave Gaza

and go to those homes,

and Gaza will be depopulated

and new people will come in and live there.

That was the plan.

And when he was asked,

standing there with King Abdullah from Jordan,

under whose authority?

Trump’s response was: “Under my authority.”

And that went over like a lead balloon

among America's allies in the Middle East.

They all said, "We're not up for this.

We're not resettling Palestinian populations.

They won't actually leave voluntarily.

This will would actually be a huge problem

for Israel's own national security long-term.

And we're going to come up with another plan.

And our plan will keep the Palestinians on the ground in Gaza."

At which point Trump pivots to work with the new plan.

And his advisers say that Trump was only trying to start the conversation.

And what he said was his plan is not actually what he's going to do.

So, what's sustainable?

What would be sustainable would be a lot of Gulf money going in

and maybe some European money too,

though they're going to be really pressed,

given everything you and I just talked about,

to try to reconstruct a completely devastated Gaza

that eventually some two million-plus Palestinians

will be able to live normal lives in,

and the governance will be provided by some technocratic group

of a Palestinian Authority

that will be working with, selected by,

those that are involved in the reconstruction and the security.

Namely the Egyptians, the Jordanians, the Saudis and the Emiratis.

That is the best possible deal that they're going to get.

But that's happening as Israel has just evacuated forcibly

another 40,000 Palestinians from refugee camps in the West Bank,

sending tanks in for the first time in decades

and probably precipitating more Israeli settlers

taking more land on the ground in the West Bank.

And so, as we are possibly taking a small step

towards a sustainable solution in Gaza,

we are taking a slightly larger step away

from a sustainable solution for the Palestinians in the West Bank,

twas ever thus

over the past decades

in this incredibly horrible problem and conflict.

HW: And why is Israel doing that?

I mean, are they feeling emboldened by the US,

or why the incursions in the West Bank now?

IB: Well, I think they're feeling emboldened by their own successes.

They have shown that they are the dominant military power in the Middle East,

and they have the ability to determine the level of escalation unilaterally,

and their adversaries and enemies can't really do any damage to them.

They proved that after October 7, in their response to Hamas.

They proved that in decapitating

and taking out the military capabilities of Hezbollah.

And they've proved that also with overturning --

they didn't do it, but the fact that the Assad regime in Syria is gone,

which means that the Iranians no longer have a land bridge

to get additional weapons

to what had been the strongest adversary of Israel militarily, Hezbollah.

So all of that has shown that Israel can decide outcomes.

They're the ones that have all the power here.

And also that depopulation of Gaza is very popular among Israelis.

There was a poll recently in the Jerusalem Post,

which is pretty mainstream in Israel.

80 percent of Israeli respondents said that they wanted to depopulate Gaza

of all Palestinians.

Taking more land is very popular,

especially in the West Bank,

especially among Netanyahu's present right-wing coalition,

that he would like to keep together, to continue to govern.

And this is a sop to them

as he is looking to potentially extend the ceasefire in Gaza

and move from phase one to phase two,

which is facing some delays and open questions right now.

So, yes, certainly, the United States has been underpinning

that military capability of Israel.

And I think it is instructive to remember

that not only does the US provide more military aid in peacetime

to any country in the world, to Israel,

but that unlike in Ukraine,

where the Trump administration is saying,

"No, I'm not happy with the grants, you've got to pay that back,"

The billions and billions that the United States sends to Israel,

nobody is suggesting that that should be alone

or that the Americans should get technology rights or mineral rights

or anything else from Israel,

despite the fact that Trump’s policy is America First.

Israel is a very clear exception to America First

in Trump's visioning of it.

HW: Alright, so we talked about the fact

that the foreign policy focus of America is shifting to Asia.

So what are you hearing about how China is feeling in all of this?

And what should we be paying attention to on that front?

IB: China has had a couple of good weeks economically

and specifically on the back of that huge announcement of DeepSeek,

which has, you know, far less money behind it

than the comparable American chatbots

but is performing at an extremely high level.

And, you know, given the fact

that there are all of these export controls

on semiconductors and other parts of advanced technology,

that this is giving people more of a belief

that the Chinese really are capable

of driving innovation even in that space.

And they're, of course, dominating the post-carbon energy space.

We see that with electric vehicles and batteries.

But we're also seeing that with massive investment now

in green hydrogen, for example,

we're seeing it in advanced nuclear capabilities,

all of these things.

And so there is more investment in that space

that the Chinese are not only driving as a state,

but that they're also increasingly able to raise and move

in their own private sector.

So the story that you and I have been discussing for the last couple of years

is the Chinese economy is radically underperforming.

That is still true,

but there is an emerging counter-narrative here

that I would be remiss not to mention.

Now more broadly,

what the Chinese here are seeing

is that Trump's direct policies are going to hurt them economically.

His tariffs that he's already announced on China, the 10 percent,

on a whole bunch of Chinese goods for export,

the reciprocal tariffs that are global,

that will clearly hurt China

and that they'll have a hard time negotiating out of,

and also the willingness of the United States

to expand their export controls,

their sanctions on China,

especially in areas that are considered relevant,

even loosely relevant to American national security.

All of that is going to constrain Chinese growth.

All of that is going to negatively impact the Chinese economy.

That's the downside.

And the Americans are doing that not only in bilateral relations with China

but also pressuring other countries

to get Chinese tech out of their supply chain.

And you see that with Americans pushing other countries

that produce semiconductors to take the Chinese out.

They're pushing American allies and trade partners

to get China out of the export chain.

So Mexico being pushed very hard by Trump

to stop allowing China to pass goods through Mexico

into the United States.

India, same conversation.

Vietnam, same conversation.

A lot of that going on.

So baseline, the US-China relationship is getting worse.

But the Chinese see huge advantages

in America's reversion to unilateralism

that we haven't really seen since the original America First movement

in the run up to World War II.

Charles Lindbergh saying,

"Don't get into the war, don't fight the Nazis.

The US is far away.

This isn't our our problem."

And now you have the Americans

not only doing that with Russia and Ukraine

with the new America First,

but you also see that happening

with the Americans pulling out of the Paris Climate Accord, again,

pulling out of the World Health Organization.

You see it with the Americans shutting down USAID.

And America has historically been responsible for about 40 percent

of global humanitarian support and aid.

And absolutely, some of that is corrupt.

Absolutely, some of that is on woke programs

that the vast majority of American taxpayers would never support.

But the majority of that money is actually spent on programs

that are really important in advancing American soft power and influence

over countries in the Global South, all over the world.

The Chinese know that.

That's why they've started humanitarian programs.

It's not out of some great love for, you know,

providing foreign aid for these countries.

It's more because they see it creates influence.

Now the Americans are leaving a vacuum

that the Chinese can absolutely take advantage of.

And we'll see this across, you know, sort of, microstates in the Pacific.

We'll see this across sub-Saharan Africa.

We'll see this across South America.

The Chinese see huge opportunities

from the United States creating a leadership vacuum.

And the place they're most capable of doing that

is if the US stops paying dues in the United Nations,

where China is number two,

and they'll suddenly have the most influence over all the key positions,

which will give them a role in global governance

that they've really been constrained from having over the past decades.

HW: What do you think are the chances

that the US stops paying its dues to the UN?

IB: You know, if it were up to Congress and only Congress

and Trump doesn't lean on them,

I'd say fairly low.

I'd say that they'd probably, you know, cut back on some programs.

But in terms of baseline dues, they'd keep paying it.

But Trump personally,

I think increasingly sees the UN as hostile to the United States.

That's particularly true in terms of Israel policy,

which Trump is leaning in on.

And, you know -- let me put it this way.

Tulsi Gabbard did not have the votes to get confirmed.

There were Republican senators that were going to vote against her.

And Elon called those individual senators and threatened them.

And this was, you know,

fully aligned with what Trump wanted Elon to do.

And those votes went away.

And the only person that ended up voting against Tulsi was McConnell.

And as a consequence, it went through.

So look, I think that we should not underestimate

the level of power and control

that Trump and Elon have over the Republican Party

this time around, compared to 2017,

where it was really the Republican Party that was much stronger than Trump,

both in his administration creating a lot of guardrails,

but also in Congress.

This time around, Trump has all the chips

and he's using them.

So if he decides he wants to stop paying dues,

I think that's what's going to happen.

This is a much more revolutionary presidency, domestically,

where last time around it was much more transactional.

HW: Alright.

Let's talk a little bit more about what's actually happening inside the US.

You bring up Elon, who obviously with DOGE has been sending out emails

and asking for information from people

and kind of trying to do a lot very quickly.

Some of these high-profile moves are --

I think what's interesting is that no one would really argue

that there isn't inefficiency in government,

that that's an understood reality.

But the way that some of these moves are being made

are maybe going to cause irreparable damage.

And that’s to people from red states,

that’s to scientists, that’s to veterans,

that's to people who voted for Trump

and that's to people around the world.

You talk about soft power and the United States,

but what about actually what's happening inside the United States?

And why do you think

that the administration is willing to go so quickly,

to go so fast and to cause such damage?

IB: Well, and you saw Trump this weekend saying

that he wants Elon to move faster, to be more aggressive.

And I don't think that was just a troll.

I think that's true.

Trump is 78 years old,

and with his friends he talks about the fact

that he doesn't have much time.

That in two years' time, the Democrats could take the House

in four years' time, you know, that's it.

He's not talking privately

of "I'm going to be president for life."

He also knows he was almost killed.

He was shot in the head.

And do I think that changes somebody?

Absolutely.

I think that he believes that he was saved by God,

and that his level of confidence that what he is doing is fundamentally right

and necessary now

is so much higher than the insecurity that I frequently saw in him

in his first presidency.

So I think his willingness to push, push, push,

and his view that Elon is a great activator and executor on that intention,

and someone that he had nowhere close

to someone with that kind of capability and energy

and execution ability in his first term.

And now he does.

So first of all, I think that relationship between Trump and Elon

isn't going anywhere.

I think it's actually very stable.

People that say it is are people that want it to go away.

But hope is not a strategy.

And I also think that the intention

of revolutionary politics domestically

is to shoot first and ask questions later.

It's to break things.

It's a view that the bureaucracy has been weaponized

against Trump first and foremost,

and also against the will of the American people.

And therefore it must be broken.

And you're going to break eggs when you want to make that omelet.

Now your point is that there are a lot of Republicans that work in government.

There are a lot of Republicans and Trump voters

that are losing their jobs

and that are not being treated with a level of care and compassion

as a result of what Trump and Elon are doing.

And I think there will be a backlash.

But I'm not so sure that a one-term,

78-year-old-Trump presidency cares all that much about that.

And, you know,

if that means that his popularity slips to like, the high 30s,

frankly, you know, in a very, very polarized country,

high 30s isn't that bad.

It still means 80, 90 percent of the people that voted for him

still support him,

and I think he's probably more comfortable with that this time around.

So I think a lot more has to happen

before we can start talking about whether there's really going to be

significant pushback against what Trump is trying to accomplish at home.

HW: Do you expect to see any of Congress standing up to Trump?

We saw the governor of Maine recently kind of take him on.

Do you expect to see more of that,

or do you feel like for the next two years at least,

people will just go where Trump takes them?

IB: Well, sure, but, you know, in the case of Maine, that's a Democrat.

So I don't know how much that means.

I don't expect to see a lot of Republicans standing up against him.

And of course, since the Republicans control the House and the Senate,

that's the only thing that really matters.

I mean, you know, you saw Kash Patel got through,

Pete Hegseth got through.

Now look, I actually think that a lot of the members of cabinet

are very capable.

I mean, they've been picked for their loyalty

and they will be loyal to Trump, but they're very capable.

I think JD Vance is very capable.

Mike Waltz, I know quite well.

Marco Rubio, over the years.

These are people that are very well respected,

have been by their colleagues

and could have served under any Republican administration.

But there are some people that are completely incapable

for the roles that they have been selected, completely incapable.

They would not be selected in a role in any cabinet, in any democracy.

And yet here they are, serving in critical roles

in the most powerful country in the world.

And yes, I’m talking about the Secretary of Defense.

I’m talking about the Secretary of Health and Human Services.

I’m talking about the Director of National Intelligence.

I’m talking about the Director of FBI.

These are important roles.

And they were all confirmed.

And if you’re a Republican senator -- and senator --

I'm not talking about the House here where, you know, it's a lot more diffuse

and there are a lot more wackos and it's easier to get in.

But Senate has always been like, responsible

and more oriented towards bipartisanship and the rest,

and they are utterly petrified

of what it means if they publicly get crosswise with President Trump

and number two, Elon.

And they're not willing to do it.

So I think that there's very little belief

that you are going to see Congress step up.

I think that you will see justices step up

because those justices are independent.

The problem is that many of those justices are progressive

and have a known progressive lean.

And so when cases come up

and justices that have that political lean

oppose something Trump wants,

his willingness, his administration's willingness to attack them

and refuse to execute on that judicial decision, unconstitutionally, is real.

Now the case will of course go then up to the Supreme Court eventually.

And I don't feel the same way

about Trump refusing to listen to adhere

to the rulings of the Supreme Court.

But if there's 100 rulings like that and you overwhelm the judicial process,

you quickly see how you might erode a core check on executive power

in the United States.

And Trump and Elon clearly intend

to every day test those checks and balances

and break them if they can.

I mean, that is the intent, that is the intent.

HW: So you mentioned democracy.

When we last spoke, you said very clearly that the US is not Hungary,

meaning that democracy is not threatened

and that the US is not in danger of turning into an autocracy.

Do you stand by that?

IB: Yes, I do.

I mean, in the sense that I think

in two years we’re going to have midterm elections,

and they will be largely free and fair.

And in four years we'll have presidential elections.

And US elections are held at the federal level, right?

They're held state by state.

They make the rules.

It's very easy to make people believe that the election has been stolen.

It's extremely hard to actually rig an American election.

And I don't believe that that is very likely at all.

It's very unlikely.

The American military,

despite the firings that we've seen just last Friday,

is still an independent and professional military

that I believe will carry out its orders

and its duties professionally.

I see the judiciary in the United States as independent and a clear check

on the executive power in the United States.

Where I see a problem,

is that the US is becoming more kleptocratic every day.

And the US was already much more of a kleptocracy

over the past 10 years

under Democrats and Republicans

than any other advanced industrial democracy in the world.

Clearly, money buys power in America

in a way that it doesn't in any other major democracy,

wealthy democracy.

That is getting dramatically worse.

I saw specifically that Elon Musk,

who is a walking conflict of interest at the highest level,

met with Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India,

in Blair House,

so part of the official White House complex,

right after Trump met with him.

And Trump was asked later in the day,

was Modi meeting with Elon in Elon's private-sector capacity

to advance his business interests

or his official capacity to advance the policies of the United States?

And Trump answered honestly.

He said, "I don't know."

And how could he know, right?

Because, I mean, those two things are completely intertwined.

But that is not remotely acceptable for rule of law in a functional democracy,

and yet nothing is being done about it.

In fact, it's getting more and more entrenched every day.

So the single place where the United States was least functional

as an advanced democracy

is now getting far, far worse.

And I don't see any checks and balances on that.

I think that's a very, very serious problem.

HW: Alright, Ian, thank you, as always for all of your insights.

Let's close out with a couple more questions from our community.

And this one indeed relates to the kleptocratic conversation

that you were just raising.

So why are the billionaires enabling fascism?

What do they get out of it?

IB: Fascism is a very politically loaded argument.

That's a political system where the cruelty against a subgroup

or a perceived subgroup in the society is the intention,

the expressed intention of the policy.

And I certainly wouldn't define the United States

as a fascist system today.

But I do believe that billionaires in the United States,

at least a significant subset of them,

are really under-interested in the well-being

of their fellow countrymen and women.

And this is a country

that really makes heroic the individual.

And it undermines the community.

We've seen a significant erosion of civic engagement in the United States

and civic associations.

The church is not what it was in the US.

Fewer people go, fewer people trust the church.

Public education is not what it was.

And wealthy people increasingly opt out.

The family is not what it was.

It's increasingly atomized and people spend much more,

much more of their time

being, you know, isolated and atomized

and intermediated by algorithms.

And you and I have spoken about that problem in the past.

We are increasingly a society of individuals

as opposed to a nation together.

I will tell you that that is a real problem

when you have large numbers of billionaires

that believe that they built it themselves,

that they're not responsible to a collective whole

for any of their success

and therefore they're not accountable for their fellow citizens.

And that's what I think we have.

I think we have a lot of winners in the United States

and not a lot of leaders.

And when you have winners, you have losers.

When you have winners, you don't have a collectivity.

I will say that in this anti-DEI thing,

I have a lot of sympathy for the people that don't like DEI.

I thought it was rammed down the throats of a lot of people

And I've said this before,

it was well beyond what the average American was willing to tolerate,

and also it came with a level of high-handedness

that that basically said,

if you're not with us in supporting these programs,

you're evil, you're stupid, you're uneducated.

That’s unacceptable, too.

It was a completely, you know,

sort of oppositional way

to try to have what's a very challenging conversation.

But I've never been a champion of diversity for diversity's sake.

What's amazing about the history of the United States

is despite all of our diversity,

we find commonalities with each other.

We find connectedness.

That's what's amazing, is the connectedness,

is that, you know, on this world, we've got eight billion people.

And despite how different we all are,

we all actually connect as human beings.

That is what we need to focus on, not the diversity, the connectedness.

And I think that's what the billionaires today in the United States are losing.

They're doing incredibly well themselves.

They've got theirs,

they've got access to power,

they're paying good money for it, they're going to get even more.

But they're forgetting

that for us to succeed as a society and as a planet,

we have to be connected to each other.

You can't throw out diversity and forget connectedness,

and that's what we're forgetting right now.

That's why the country feels so much trauma and pain right now.

And I think why the United States has given up

on a lot of its really aspirational values

that made such a difference to the world,

that almost lost World War II for many generations.

And now we're giving it all away.

HW: I mean, I think that's why you find that diversity and inclusion

go hand in hand,

that that's actually speaking to that.

But in some of the moves that are being made

to kind of throw out any type of diversity,

to scan documents,

to find words in order to highlight programs that are wasteful,

that we're actually going to lose what many, many studies actually highlight

as being the benefits of diversity

and the fact that you need diversity in order to be actually successful.

IB: Shooting first and asking questions later, you know,

moving fast and breaking things,

those things make sense

in a turbocharged venture capital technology environment.

They do not work in government.

They don't work in government at all.

In government, we have something called checks and balances,

and we need them.

And moving fast and breaking things undermines those checks and balances.

So we're going to do a lot of damage unintentionally.

A lot of people are going to get hurt.

A lot of folks don't care about that in power right now,

but they should because it would be much, much better.

I know people want to move fast, but actually to think a little bit,

do a little bit of your own research

before you decide to kill that program,

before you decide to fire that person.

We'd be in a lot better shape as a government right now.

HW: OK, the final question that I have for you

actually comes from my 10-year-old son,

and it's a bit of a miserable question.

We have a very lovely house, I promise.

But his question nonetheless is are we heading into World War III?

So, Ian, what should I tell him?

IB: No, no, I don't think we're heading into World War III

but we are absolutely heading into a world of much greater conflict.

I think it's much more likely, for example,

in the next five, 10 years, that we'll have a nuclear weapon go off.

And I thought that was pretty unlikely since the Cuban Missile Crisis.

In other words, over the course of my life.

I think we're going to see a lot more terrorism at scale,

because a lot more people are going to feel angry and disaffected, I think.

You know, you saw that assassination

of the CEO of UnitedHealthcare

just a few dozen blocks from my house.

I think you're going to see more things like that.

And so, no, not World War III

because the fact is that outside of the US and China,

all the other countries know that they need to work with everybody.

And there are even forces inside US-China

that are trying to make sure

that you don't throw the baby out with the bathwater.

But underneath that World War III risk,

there's an awful lot of damage that's going to get done,

an awful lot of crisis that I think we're going to have to live through

before we start to see what we create on the other side.

A lot of defense as well, that we're going to be playing in this environment.

HW: Well, Ian, it is always a pleasure to talk to you,

and we're so glad that you are scanning the world

to understand what is happening

and then you come here and explain it to us all.

Couldn't be more grateful and thank you for everything.

IB: Thank you.