How to pronounce "phys"

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[Music] today I want to talk about design but

today I want to talk about design but

today I want to talk about design but not design as we usually think about it

not design as we usually think about it

not design as we usually think about it I want to talk about what is happening

I want to talk about what is happening

I want to talk about what is happening now in our scientific biotechnological

now in our scientific biotechnological

now in our scientific biotechnological culture where for really the first time

culture where for really the first time

culture where for really the first time in history we have the power to design

in history we have the power to design

in history we have the power to design design bodies to design animal bodies to

design bodies to design animal bodies to

design bodies to design animal bodies to design human

design human

design human bodies in the history of um our planet

bodies in the history of um our planet

bodies in the history of um our planet there have been three Great Waves of

there have been three Great Waves of

there have been three Great Waves of evolution the first wave of evolution is

evolution the first wave of evolution is

evolution the first wave of evolution is what we think of as darwinian Evolution

what we think of as darwinian Evolution

what we think of as darwinian Evolution so as you all know species lived in

so as you all know species lived in

so as you all know species lived in particular ecological niches in

particular ecological niches in

particular ecological niches in particular environments and the

particular environments and the

particular environments and the pressures of those environments selected

pressures of those environments selected

pressures of those environments selected which changes through random mutations

which changes through random mutations

which changes through random mutations in spe species were going to be

in spe species were going to be

in spe species were going to be preserved then human beings stepped out

preserved then human beings stepped out

preserved then human beings stepped out of the darwinian flow of evolutionary

of the darwinian flow of evolutionary

of the darwinian flow of evolutionary history and created the Second Great

history and created the Second Great

history and created the Second Great Wave of evolution which was we changed

Wave of evolution which was we changed

Wave of evolution which was we changed the environment in which we evolved we

the environment in which we evolved we

the environment in which we evolved we altered our ecological niche by creating

altered our ecological niche by creating

altered our ecological niche by creating civilization and that has been the

civilization and that has been the

civilization and that has been the second great couple hundred, years

second great couple hundred, years

second great couple hundred, years 150,000 year uh flow of our evolution by

150,000 year uh flow of our evolution by

150,000 year uh flow of our evolution by changing our environment we put new

changing our environment we put new

changing our environment we put new pressures on our bodies to evolve

pressures on our bodies to evolve

pressures on our bodies to evolve whether it was through settling down in

whether it was through settling down in

whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities all the way

agricultural communities all the way

agricultural communities all the way through modern medicine we have changed

through modern medicine we have changed

through modern medicine we have changed our own

our own

our own Evolution now we're entering a third

Evolution now we're entering a third

Evolution now we're entering a third Great Wave of evolutionary history which

Great Wave of evolutionary history which

Great Wave of evolutionary history which has been called many things intentional

has been called many things intentional

has been called many things intentional Evolution evolution by Design very

Evolution evolution by Design very

Evolution evolution by Design very different than intelligent design um

different than intelligent design um

different than intelligent design um whereby we are actually now

whereby we are actually now

whereby we are actually now intentionally designing and altering the

intentionally designing and altering the

intentionally designing and altering the physiological forms that inhabit our

physiological forms that inhabit our

physiological forms that inhabit our planet so I want to take you through a

planet so I want to take you through a

planet so I want to take you through a kind of Whirlwind tour of that and then

kind of Whirlwind tour of that and then

kind of Whirlwind tour of that and then at the end talk a little bit about what

at the end talk a little bit about what

at the end talk a little bit about what some of the implications are for us and

some of the implications are for us and

some of the implications are for us and for our species as well as our cultures

for our species as well as our cultures

for our species as well as our cultures because of this change now we actually

because of this change now we actually

because of this change now we actually have been doing it for a long

have been doing it for a long

have been doing it for a long time um we started selectively breeding

time um we started selectively breeding

time um we started selectively breeding animals many many uh thousands of years

animals many many uh thousands of years

animals many many uh thousands of years years ago and if you think of dogs for

years ago and if you think of dogs for

years ago and if you think of dogs for example dogs are now intentionally

example dogs are now intentionally

example dogs are now intentionally designed creatures there isn't a dog on

designed creatures there isn't a dog on

designed creatures there isn't a dog on this Earth that's a natural creature

this Earth that's a natural creature

this Earth that's a natural creature dogs are the result of selectively

dogs are the result of selectively

dogs are the result of selectively breeding traits that we like but we had

breeding traits that we like but we had

breeding traits that we like but we had to do it the Hardway in the old days by

to do it the Hardway in the old days by

to do it the Hardway in the old days by choosing offspring that looked a

choosing offspring that looked a

choosing offspring that looked a particular way and then breeding them we

particular way and then breeding them we

particular way and then breeding them we don't have to do it that way anymore

don't have to do it that way anymore

don't have to do it that way anymore this is a

this is a

this is a be a be is a buffalo cattle hybrid

be a be is a buffalo cattle hybrid

be a be is a buffalo cattle hybrid and they are now making them and someday

and they are now making them and someday

and they are now making them and someday perhaps pretty soon you will have beop

perhaps pretty soon you will have beop

perhaps pretty soon you will have beop patties in your local

patties in your local

patties in your local supermarket this is a geep a goat sheep

supermarket this is a geep a goat sheep

supermarket this is a geep a goat sheep hybrid the scientist that made this cute

hybrid the scientist that made this cute

hybrid the scientist that made this cute little creature ended up slaughtering it

little creature ended up slaughtering it

little creature ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards I think they

and eating it afterwards I think they

and eating it afterwards I think they said it tastes like

said it tastes like

said it tastes like chicken this is a aama is a camel llama

chicken this is a aama is a camel llama

chicken this is a aama is a camel llama hybrid cre ated to try to get the

hybrid cre ated to try to get the

hybrid cre ated to try to get the hardiness of a camel with some of the

hardiness of a camel with some of the

hardiness of a camel with some of the personality traits of a llama and they

personality traits of a llama and they

personality traits of a llama and they are now using these in certain

are now using these in certain

are now using these in certain cultures then there's the liger this is

cultures then there's the liger this is

cultures then there's the liger this is the largest cat in the world the lion

the largest cat in the world the lion

the largest cat in the world the lion tiger hybrid it's bigger than a tiger

tiger hybrid it's bigger than a tiger

tiger hybrid it's bigger than a tiger and in the case of the liger there

and in the case of the liger there

and in the case of the liger there actually have been one or two that have

actually have been one or two that have

actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild but um these were

been seen in the wild but um these were

been seen in the wild but um these were created by scientists using both

created by scientists using both

created by scientists using both selective breeding and genetic

selective breeding and genetic

selective breeding and genetic technology and then finally everybody's

technology and then finally everybody's

technology and then finally everybody's favorite the

favorite the

favorite the zor none of this is photoshopped these

zor none of this is photoshopped these

zor none of this is photoshopped these are real creatures and so one of the

are real creatures and so one of the

are real creatures and so one of the things we have been doing is using

things we have been doing is using

things we have been doing is using genetic enhancement or genetic

genetic enhancement or genetic

genetic enhancement or genetic manipulation of sort of normal selective

manipulation of sort of normal selective

manipulation of sort of normal selective breeding pushed a little bit through

breeding pushed a little bit through

breeding pushed a little bit through genetics and if that were all this was

genetics and if that were all this was

genetics and if that were all this was about then it would be an interesting

about then it would be an interesting

about then it would be an interesting thing but something much much more uh

thing but something much much more uh

thing but something much much more uh powerful is happen happening

powerful is happen happening

powerful is happen happening now these are normal Maman cells

now these are normal Maman cells

now these are normal Maman cells genetically engineered with a

genetically engineered with a

genetically engineered with a bioluminescent Gene taken out of deep

bioluminescent Gene taken out of deep

bioluminescent Gene taken out of deep sea jellyfish we all know that some uh

sea jellyfish we all know that some uh

sea jellyfish we all know that some uh deep sea creatures glow well they've now

deep sea creatures glow well they've now

deep sea creatures glow well they've now taken that Gene that bioluminescent Gene

taken that Gene that bioluminescent Gene

taken that Gene that bioluminescent Gene and put it into mammal cells these are

and put it into mammal cells these are

and put it into mammal cells these are normal cells and what you see here is

normal cells and what you see here is

normal cells and what you see here is these cells glowing in the dark under

these cells glowing in the dark under

these cells glowing in the dark under certain wavelengths of light once they

certain wavelengths of light once they

certain wavelengths of light once they could do that with cells they could do

could do that with cells they could do

could do that with cells they could do it with with organisms so they did it

it with with organisms so they did it

it with with organisms so they did it with mouse

pups

pups

pups kittens and by the way the reason the

kittens and by the way the reason the

kittens and by the way the reason the kittens here are orange and these are

kittens here are orange and these are

kittens here are orange and these are green is because that's a bioluminescent

green is because that's a bioluminescent

green is because that's a bioluminescent Gene from Coral while this is from

Gene from Coral while this is from

Gene from Coral while this is from jellyfish they did it with

jellyfish they did it with

jellyfish they did it with pigs they did it with

pigs they did it with

pigs they did it with puppies and in fact they did it with

puppies and in fact they did it with

puppies and in fact they did it with monkeys and if you can do it with

monkeys and if you can do it with

monkeys and if you can do it with monkeys though the Great Leap in trying

monkeys though the Great Leap in trying

monkeys though the Great Leap in trying to genetically manipulated is actually

to genetically manipulated is actually

to genetically manipulated is actually between monkeys and apes if they can do

between monkeys and apes if they can do

between monkeys and apes if they can do it in monkeys they can probably figure

it in monkeys they can probably figure

it in monkeys they can probably figure out how to do it in Apes which means

out how to do it in Apes which means

out how to do it in Apes which means they can do it in human

they can do it in human

they can do it in human beings in other words it is

beings in other words it is

beings in other words it is theoretically possible that before too

theoretically possible that before too

theoretically possible that before too long we will be biotechnologically

long we will be biotechnologically

long we will be biotechnologically capable of creating human beings that

capable of creating human beings that

capable of creating human beings that glow in the

dark be easier to find us at night and

dark be easier to find us at night and

dark be easier to find us at night and in fact right now in many states you can

in fact right now in many states you can

in fact right now in many states you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent

go out and you can buy bioluminescent

go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets these are zebra fish they're

pets these are zebra fish they're

pets these are zebra fish they're normally black and silver these are

normally black and silver these are

normally black and silver these are zebra fish that have been genetically

zebra fish that have been genetically

zebra fish that have been genetically engineered to be yellow green red and

engineered to be yellow green red and

engineered to be yellow green red and they are actually available now in

they are actually available now in

they are actually available now in certain States other states have banned

certain States other states have banned

certain States other states have banned them nobody knows what to do with these

them nobody knows what to do with these

them nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures there is no area of

kinds of creatures there is no area of

kinds of creatures there is no area of the government not the EPA or the FDA

the government not the EPA or the FDA

the government not the EPA or the FDA that controls genetically engineered

that controls genetically engineered

that controls genetically engineered pets and so some states have decided to

pets and so some states have decided to

pets and so some states have decided to allow them some states have DEC decided

allow them some states have DEC decided

allow them some states have DEC decided to uh ban

to uh ban

to uh ban them some of you may have read about the

them some of you may have read about the

them some of you may have read about the fda's consideration right now of

fda's consideration right now of

fda's consideration right now of genetically engineered salmon the salmon

genetically engineered salmon the salmon

genetically engineered salmon the salmon on top is a genetically engineered

on top is a genetically engineered

on top is a genetically engineered chinuk salmon uh using a gene from the

chinuk salmon uh using a gene from the

chinuk salmon uh using a gene from the salmon and from one other um fish that

salmon and from one other um fish that

salmon and from one other um fish that we eat to make it grow much faster using

we eat to make it grow much faster using

we eat to make it grow much faster using a lot less feed and right now the FDA is

a lot less feed and right now the FDA is

a lot less feed and right now the FDA is trying to make a final decision on

trying to make a final decision on

trying to make a final decision on whether pretty soon you could be eating

whether pretty soon you could be eating

whether pretty soon you could be eating this fish it'll be sold in the stores

this fish it'll be sold in the stores

this fish it'll be sold in the stores and before you get too worried about it

and before you get too worried about it

and before you get too worried about it here in the United States the majority

here in the United States the majority

here in the United States the majority of food you buy in the supermarket

of food you buy in the supermarket

of food you buy in the supermarket already has genetically modified

already has genetically modified

already has genetically modified components to it so even as we worry

components to it so even as we worry

components to it so even as we worry about it we have allowed it to go on in

about it we have allowed it to go on in

about it we have allowed it to go on in this country much different in Europe

this country much different in Europe

this country much different in Europe without any regulation and even without

without any regulation and even without

without any regulation and even without any identification on the

any identification on the

any identification on the package these are all the first cloned

package these are all the first cloned

package these are all the first cloned animals of their type so in the lower

animals of their type so in the lower

animals of their type so in the lower right here you have Dolly the first

right here you have Dolly the first

right here you have Dolly the first cloned sheep now happily stuffed in a

cloned sheep now happily stuffed in a

cloned sheep now happily stuffed in a museum in

museum in

museum in Edinburgh Ralph the rat the first cloned

Edinburgh Ralph the rat the first cloned

Edinburgh Ralph the rat the first cloned rat CCE the cat for cloned Cat snoppy

rat CCE the cat for cloned Cat snoppy

rat CCE the cat for cloned Cat snoppy the first cloned dog snoppy for soul

the first cloned dog snoppy for soul

the first cloned dog snoppy for soul National University puppy created in

National University puppy created in

National University puppy created in South Korea by the very same man that

South Korea by the very same man that

South Korea by the very same man that some of you may remember had to end up

some of you may remember had to end up

some of you may remember had to end up resigning in disgrace because he claimed

resigning in disgrace because he claimed

resigning in disgrace because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo which he

he had cloned a human embryo which he

he had cloned a human embryo which he had not he actually was the first person

had not he actually was the first person

had not he actually was the first person to clone a dog which is a very difficult

to clone a dog which is a very difficult

to clone a dog which is a very difficult thing to do cuz dog genomes are very

thing to do cuz dog genomes are very

thing to do cuz dog genomes are very plastic this is promedia the first

plastic this is promedia the first

plastic this is promedia the first cloned horse it's a halflinger horse

cloned horse it's a halflinger horse

cloned horse it's a halflinger horse cloned in Italy a real gold ring of

cloned in Italy a real gold ring of

cloned in Italy a real gold ring of cloning because there are many horses

cloning because there are many horses

cloning because there are many horses that win important races who are

that win important races who are

that win important races who are geldings in other words the equipment to

geldings in other words the equipment to

geldings in other words the equipment to put them out to stud has been removed

put them out to stud has been removed

put them out to stud has been removed but if you can clone that horse you can

but if you can clone that horse you can

but if you can clone that horse you can have both the advantage of having a

have both the advantage of having a

have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race and his

gelding run in the race and his

gelding run in the race and his identical genetic duplicate can then be

identical genetic duplicate can then be

identical genetic duplicate can then be put out to stud

put out to stud

put out to stud these were the first cloned calves the

these were the first cloned calves the

these were the first cloned calves the first cloned gray wolves and then

first cloned gray wolves and then

first cloned gray wolves and then finally the first Clon piglets Alexa

finally the first Clon piglets Alexa

finally the first Clon piglets Alexa Chrissy Carol Janie

and in addition we've started to use

and in addition we've started to use

and in addition we've started to use cloning technology to try to save

cloning technology to try to save

cloning technology to try to save endangered species this is the use of

endangered species this is the use of

endangered species this is the use of animals Now to create drugs and other

animals Now to create drugs and other

animals Now to create drugs and other things in their bodies that we want to

things in their bodies that we want to

things in their bodies that we want to create so with uh antithrombin in that

create so with uh antithrombin in that

create so with uh antithrombin in that goat that goat has been genetically

goat that goat has been genetically

goat that goat has been genetically modified so that the molecules of its

modified so that the molecules of its

modified so that the molecules of its milk actually include the molecule of

milk actually include the molecule of

milk actually include the molecule of antithrombin that GTC genetics wants to

antithrombin that GTC genetics wants to

antithrombin that GTC genetics wants to create and then in addition transgenic

create and then in addition transgenic

create and then in addition transgenic pigs knockout pigs from the National

pigs knockout pigs from the National

pigs knockout pigs from the National Institute of animal science in South

Institute of animal science in South

Institute of animal science in South Korea are pigs that they are going to

Korea are pigs that they are going to

Korea are pigs that they are going to use in fact to try to create all kinds

use in fact to try to create all kinds

use in fact to try to create all kinds of of drugs and other uh industrial

of of drugs and other uh industrial

of of drugs and other uh industrial types of chemicals that they want the

types of chemicals that they want the

types of chemicals that they want the blood and the milk of these animals to

blood and the milk of these animals to

blood and the milk of these animals to produce for them instead of producing

produce for them instead of producing

produce for them instead of producing them in an industrial

them in an industrial

them in an industrial way these are two creatures that

way these are two creatures that

way these are two creatures that were created in order to save endangered

were created in order to save endangered

were created in order to save endangered species the GU um is an endangered

species the GU um is an endangered

species the GU um is an endangered Southeast Asian ulate it was a a somatic

Southeast Asian ulate it was a a somatic

Southeast Asian ulate it was a a somatic cell a body cell was taken from its body

cell a body cell was taken from its body

cell a body cell was taken from its body gestated in the ovom of a cow and then

gestated in the ovom of a cow and then

gestated in the ovom of a cow and then uh that cow gave birth to a GU same

uh that cow gave birth to a GU same

uh that cow gave birth to a GU same thing happened with the mlin where it's

thing happened with the mlin where it's

thing happened with the mlin where it's an endangered uh species of sheep it's

an endangered uh species of sheep it's

an endangered uh species of sheep it's uh it was gestated in a regular

uh it was gestated in a regular

uh it was gestated in a regular sheep

sheep

sheep body which actually raises an

body which actually raises an

body which actually raises an interesting biological problem we have

interesting biological problem we have

interesting biological problem we have two kinds of DNA in our bodies we have

two kinds of DNA in our bodies we have

two kinds of DNA in our bodies we have our nucleic DNA that everybody thinks of

our nucleic DNA that everybody thinks of

our nucleic DNA that everybody thinks of as our DNA but we also have DNA in our

as our DNA but we also have DNA in our

as our DNA but we also have DNA in our mitochondria which are the energy

mitochondria which are the energy

mitochondria which are the energy packets of the cell that DNA is passed

packets of the cell that DNA is passed

packets of the cell that DNA is passed down through through our mothers so

down through through our mothers so

down through through our mothers so really what you end up having here is

really what you end up having here is

really what you end up having here is not a GU and not a mlin but a GU with

not a GU and not a mlin but a GU with

not a GU and not a mlin but a GU with cow mitochondria and therefore cow

cow mitochondria and therefore cow

cow mitochondria and therefore cow mitochondrial DNA and a mlin with

mitochondrial DNA and a mlin with

mitochondrial DNA and a mlin with another species of sheep's mitochondrial

another species of sheep's mitochondrial

another species of sheep's mitochondrial DNA these are really hybrids not pure

DNA these are really hybrids not pure

DNA these are really hybrids not pure animals and it raises the question of

animals and it raises the question of

animals and it raises the question of how we're going to Define animal species

how we're going to Define animal species

how we're going to Define animal species in the age of biotechnology a question

in the age of biotechnology a question

in the age of biotechnology a question that we're not really sure yet how to

that we're not really sure yet how to

that we're not really sure yet how to solve

solve

solve this lovely creature is an Asian

this lovely creature is an Asian

this lovely creature is an Asian cockroach and what they've done here is

cockroach and what they've done here is

cockroach and what they've done here is they've put electrodes in its ganglia

they've put electrodes in its ganglia

they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain and then a transmitter on

and its brain and then a transmitter on

and its brain and then a transmitter on top and it's on a big computer tracking

top and it's on a big computer tracking

top and it's on a big computer tracking ball and now using a joystick they can

ball and now using a joystick they can

ball and now using a joystick they can send this creature around the lab uh and

send this creature around the lab uh and

send this creature around the lab uh and control whether it goes left or right

control whether it goes left or right

control whether it goes left or right forward or backwards they've created a

forward or backwards they've created a

forward or backwards they've created a kind of insect bot or bug bot it gets

kind of insect bot or bug bot it gets

kind of insect bot or bug bot it gets worse than that or perhaps better than

worse than that or perhaps better than

worse than that or perhaps better than that this actually is one of uh darpa's

that this actually is one of uh darpa's

that this actually is one of uh darpa's very important DARPA is the defense

very important DARPA is the defense

very important DARPA is the defense research agency one of their projects

research agency one of their projects

research agency one of their projects these uh Goliath beetles are wired in

these uh Goliath beetles are wired in

these uh Goliath beetles are wired in their wings they have a computer chip

their wings they have a computer chip

their wings they have a computer chip strapped to their backs and they can fly

strapped to their backs and they can fly

strapped to their backs and they can fly these creatures around the lab they can

these creatures around the lab they can

these creatures around the lab they can make them go left right they can make

make them go left right they can make

make them go left right they can make them take off they can actually make

them take off they can actually make

them take off they can actually make them land they put them about one inch

them land they put them about one inch

them land they put them about one inch above the ground and then they shut

above the ground and then they shut

above the ground and then they shut everything off and they go but it's a

everything off and they go but it's a

everything off and they go but it's a Clos as they can get to a land

Clos as they can get to a land

Clos as they can get to a land and in fact this technology has gotten

and in fact this technology has gotten

and in fact this technology has gotten so developed that this creature this is

so developed that this creature this is

so developed that this creature this is a moth this is the moth in in its poopa

a moth this is the moth in in its poopa

a moth this is the moth in in its poopa stage and that's when they put the wires

stage and that's when they put the wires

stage and that's when they put the wires in and they put the uh um computer

in and they put the uh um computer

in and they put the uh um computer technology so that when the moth is

technology so that when the moth is

technology so that when the moth is actually emerges as a moth it is already

actually emerges as a moth it is already

actually emerges as a moth it is already pre-wired the wires are already in its

pre-wired the wires are already in its

pre-wired the wires are already in its body and they can just hook it up to

body and they can just hook it up to

body and they can just hook it up to their technology and now they've got

their technology and now they've got

their technology and now they've got these bug Bots that they can send out

these bug Bots that they can send out

these bug Bots that they can send out for surveillance they can put little

for surveillance they can put little

for surveillance they can put little cameras on them and perhaps someday

cameras on them and perhaps someday

cameras on them and perhaps someday delivering other kinds of uh of

delivering other kinds of uh of

delivering other kinds of uh of ordinance to war

ordinance to war

ordinance to war zones it's not just insects this is the

zones it's not just insects this is the

zones it's not just insects this is the ratbot or the robo rat by sanjie tar at

ratbot or the robo rat by sanjie tar at

ratbot or the robo rat by sanjie tar at Sunni downstate again it's got

Sunni downstate again it's got

Sunni downstate again it's got technology it's got electrodes going

technology it's got electrodes going

technology it's got electrodes going into its left and right hemispheres it's

into its left and right hemispheres it's

into its left and right hemispheres it's got a camera on top of its head the

got a camera on top of its head the

got a camera on top of its head the scientists can make this creature go

scientists can make this creature go

scientists can make this creature go left right they have it running through

left right they have it running through

left right they have it running through mazes controlling where it's going

mazes controlling where it's going

mazes controlling where it's going they've now created an organic

they've now created an organic

they've now created an organic robot The Graduate students in sunji

robot The Graduate students in sunji

robot The Graduate students in sunji cir's uh lab said is this ethical we've

cir's uh lab said is this ethical we've

cir's uh lab said is this ethical we've taken away the autonomy of this animal

taken away the autonomy of this animal

taken away the autonomy of this animal we'll get back to that in a

we'll get back to that in a

we'll get back to that in a minute there's also been work done with

minute there's also been work done with

minute there's also been work done with monkeys this is uh Miguel nicolus of

monkeys this is uh Miguel nicolus of

monkeys this is uh Miguel nicolus of Duke he took owl monkeys wired them up

Duke he took owl monkeys wired them up

Duke he took owl monkeys wired them up so that a computer watched their brains

so that a computer watched their brains

so that a computer watched their brains while they moved especially looking at

while they moved especially looking at

while they moved especially looking at the movement of their right arm the

the movement of their right arm the

the movement of their right arm the computer learned what the monkey brain

computer learned what the monkey brain

computer learned what the monkey brain did to move its arm in various ways they

did to move its arm in various ways they

did to move its arm in various ways they then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm

then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm

then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm which you see here in the picture put

which you see here in the picture put

which you see here in the picture put the arm in another room pretty soon the

the arm in another room pretty soon the

the arm in another room pretty soon the computer learned by reading the monkey's

computer learned by reading the monkey's

computer learned by reading the monkey's brain waves to make that arm in the

brain waves to make that arm in the

brain waves to make that arm in the other room do whatever the monkey's arm

other room do whatever the monkey's arm

other room do whatever the monkey's arm did then he put a

did then he put a

did then he put a video monitor in the monkey's cage that

video monitor in the monkey's cage that

video monitor in the monkey's cage that showed the monkey this prosthetic arm

showed the monkey this prosthetic arm

showed the monkey this prosthetic arm and the monkey got fascinated the monkey

and the monkey got fascinated the monkey

and the monkey got fascinated the monkey recognized that whatever she did with

recognized that whatever she did with

recognized that whatever she did with her arm this prosthetic arm would do and

her arm this prosthetic arm would do and

her arm this prosthetic arm would do and eventually she was moving it and moving

eventually she was moving it and moving

eventually she was moving it and moving it and eventually stopped moving her

it and eventually stopped moving her

it and eventually stopped moving her right arm and staring at the screen

right arm and staring at the screen

right arm and staring at the screen could move the prosthetic arm in the

could move the prosthetic arm in the

could move the prosthetic arm in the other room only with her brain waves

other room only with her brain waves

other room only with her brain waves which means that monkey became the first

which means that monkey became the first

which means that monkey became the first primate in history of the world to have

primate in history of the world to have

primate in history of the world to have three independent functional

three independent functional

three independent functional arms and it's not just technology that

arms and it's not just technology that

arms and it's not just technology that we're putting into animals this is

we're putting into animals this is

we're putting into animals this is Thomas dear University of Florida he

Thomas dear University of Florida he

Thomas dear University of Florida he took 20,000 and then 60,000

took 20,000 and then 60,000

took 20,000 and then 60,000 disaggregated rat neurons so these are

disaggregated rat neurons so these are

disaggregated rat neurons so these are just individual neurons from rats put

just individual neurons from rats put

just individual neurons from rats put them on a chip they self aggregated into

them on a chip they self aggregated into

them on a chip they self aggregated into a network became a uh integrated chip

a network became a uh integrated chip

a network became a uh integrated chip and uh he used that as the it piece of a

and uh he used that as the it piece of a

and uh he used that as the it piece of a mechanism which ran a flight simulator

mechanism which ran a flight simulator

mechanism which ran a flight simulator so now we have organic computer chips

so now we have organic computer chips

so now we have organic computer chips made out of living self-aggregating

made out of living self-aggregating

made out of living self-aggregating neurons

neurons

neurons finally Musa avaldi of Northwestern took

finally Musa avaldi of Northwestern took

finally Musa avaldi of Northwestern took a completely intact independent lamp pre

a completely intact independent lamp pre

a completely intact independent lamp pre eel brain this is a brain from a lamp

eel brain this is a brain from a lamp

eel brain this is a brain from a lamp pre eel it is living fully intact brain

pre eel it is living fully intact brain

pre eel it is living fully intact brain in a nutrient medium with these

in a nutrient medium with these

in a nutrient medium with these electrodes going off to the sides

electrodes going off to the sides

electrodes going off to the sides attached photosensitive sensors to the

attached photosensitive sensors to the

attached photosensitive sensors to the brain put it into a cart here's the cart

brain put it into a cart here's the cart

brain put it into a cart here's the cart the brain is sitting there in the middle

the brain is sitting there in the middle

the brain is sitting there in the middle and using this brain as the sole

and using this brain as the sole

and using this brain as the sole processor for this cart when you turn on

processor for this cart when you turn on

processor for this cart when you turn on a light and shine it at the cart the

a light and shine it at the cart the

a light and shine it at the cart the cart moves towards the light when you

cart moves towards the light when you

cart moves towards the light when you turn it off it moves away it's

turn it off it moves away it's

turn it off it moves away it's photophilic so now we have a complete

photophilic so now we have a complete

photophilic so now we have a complete living lamp preil brain is it thinking

living lamp preil brain is it thinking

living lamp preil brain is it thinking lamp preil thoughts sitting there in its

lamp preil thoughts sitting there in its

lamp preil thoughts sitting there in its nutrient medium I don't know but in fact

nutrient medium I don't know but in fact

nutrient medium I don't know but in fact it is a fully living brain that we have

it is a fully living brain that we have

it is a fully living brain that we have managed to keep alive um to do our

managed to keep alive um to do our

managed to keep alive um to do our bidding

bidding

bidding so we are now at the stage where we are

so we are now at the stage where we are

so we are now at the stage where we are creating creatures for our own purposes

creating creatures for our own purposes

creating creatures for our own purposes this is a mouse created by Charles Vante

this is a mouse created by Charles Vante

this is a mouse created by Charles Vante of uh University of Massachusetts um he

of uh University of Massachusetts um he

of uh University of Massachusetts um he uh altered this mouse so that it was

uh altered this mouse so that it was

uh altered this mouse so that it was genetically engineered to have skin that

genetically engineered to have skin that

genetically engineered to have skin that was less immunoreactive to human skin

was less immunoreactive to human skin

was less immunoreactive to human skin put a polymer scaffolding of an ear

put a polymer scaffolding of an ear

put a polymer scaffolding of an ear under it and created an ear that could

under it and created an ear that could

under it and created an ear that could then be taken off the mouse and

then be taken off the mouse and

then be taken off the mouse and transplanted onto a human being genetic

transplanted onto a human being genetic

transplanted onto a human being genetic engineering coupled with polymer phys

engineering coupled with polymer phys

engineering coupled with polymer phys technology coupled with xenot

technology coupled with xenot

technology coupled with xenot transplantation this is where we are in

transplantation this is where we are in

transplantation this is where we are in this process

this process

this process finally not that long ago Craig ventner

finally not that long ago Craig ventner

finally not that long ago Craig ventner created the first artificial cell where

created the first artificial cell where

created the first artificial cell where he took a cell took a DNA synthesizer

he took a cell took a DNA synthesizer

he took a cell took a DNA synthesizer which is a machine created an artificial

which is a machine created an artificial

which is a machine created an artificial genome put it in the cell and then of a

genome put it in the cell and then of a

genome put it in the cell and then of a different cell The genome was not of the

different cell The genome was not of the

different cell The genome was not of the cell he put it in and that cell then

cell he put it in and that cell then

cell he put it in and that cell then reproduced as the other cell in other

reproduced as the other cell in other

reproduced as the other cell in other words that was the first creature in the

words that was the first creature in the

words that was the first creature in the history of the world that had a computer

history of the world that had a computer

history of the world that had a computer as its parent it did not have an organic

as its parent it did not have an organic

as its parent it did not have an organic parent and so asked the economists the

parent and so asked the economists the

parent and so asked the economists the first artificial organism and its

first artificial organism and its

first artificial organism and its consequences so you may have thought

consequences so you may have thought

consequences so you may have thought that the creation of life was going to

that the creation of life was going to

that the creation of life was going to happen in something that looked like

happen in something that looked like

happen in something that looked like that but in fact that's not what

that but in fact that's not what

that but in fact that's not what Frankenstein's lab looks like this is

Frankenstein's lab looks like this is

Frankenstein's lab looks like this is what Frankenstein's lab looks like this

what Frankenstein's lab looks like this

what Frankenstein's lab looks like this is a DNA synthesizer and here at the

is a DNA synthesizer and here at the

is a DNA synthesizer and here at the bottom are just bottles of a TC and G

bottom are just bottles of a TC and G

bottom are just bottles of a TC and G the four chemicals that make up our DNA

the four chemicals that make up our DNA

the four chemicals that make up our DNA chain and so we need to ask ourselves

chain and so we need to ask ourselves

chain and so we need to ask ourselves some questions for the first time in the

some questions for the first time in the

some questions for the first time in the history of this planet we are able to

history of this planet we are able to

history of this planet we are able to directly design organisms we can

directly design organisms we can

directly design organisms we can manipulate the plasms of life with

manipulate the plasms of life with

manipulate the plasms of life with unprecedented power and it confers on us

unprecedented power and it confers on us

unprecedented power and it confers on us a responsibility is everything okay is

a responsibility is everything okay is

a responsibility is everything okay is it okay to manipulate and create what

it okay to manipulate and create what

it okay to manipulate and create what whatever creatures we want do we have

whatever creatures we want do we have

whatever creatures we want do we have free rain to design animals do we get to

free rain to design animals do we get to

free rain to design animals do we get to go someday to pets are us and say look I

go someday to pets are us and say look I

go someday to pets are us and say look I want a dog I'd like it to have the head

want a dog I'd like it to have the head

want a dog I'd like it to have the head of a of a Doxon the body of a retriever

of a of a Doxon the body of a retriever

of a of a Doxon the body of a retriever uh maybe some pink fur and let's make it

uh maybe some pink fur and let's make it

uh maybe some pink fur and let's make it glow in the dark does industry get to

glow in the dark does industry get to

glow in the dark does industry get to create creatures who in their milk and

create creatures who in their milk and

create creatures who in their milk and their blood and their saliva and other

their blood and their saliva and other

their blood and their saliva and other bodily fluids create the drugs and

bodily fluids create the drugs and

bodily fluids create the drugs and Industrial molecules we want um and then

Industrial molecules we want um and then

Industrial molecules we want um and then Wearhouse them as organic manufacturing

Wearhouse them as organic manufacturing

Wearhouse them as organic manufacturing machines do we get to create organic

machines do we get to create organic

machines do we get to create organic robots where we remove the autonomy from

robots where we remove the autonomy from

robots where we remove the autonomy from these animals and turn them just into

these animals and turn them just into

these animals and turn them just into our play things and then the final step

our play things and then the final step

our play things and then the final step of this once we perfect these

of this once we perfect these

of this once we perfect these Technologies in animals and we start

Technologies in animals and we start

Technologies in animals and we start using them in human beings what are the

using them in human beings what are the

using them in human beings what are the ethical guidelines that we will use

ethical guidelines that we will use

ethical guidelines that we will use then it's already happening it's not

then it's already happening it's not

then it's already happening it's not science fiction we are not only already

science fiction we are not only already

science fiction we are not only already using these things in animals some of

using these things in animals some of

using these things in animals some of them were're already beginning to use on

them were're already beginning to use on

them were're already beginning to use on our own bodies we are now taking control

our own bodies we are now taking control

our own bodies we are now taking control of our own Evolution we are directly

of our own Evolution we are directly

of our own Evolution we are directly designing the future of the species of

designing the future of the species of

designing the future of the species of this planet it confers upon us an

this planet it confers upon us an

this planet it confers upon us an enormous responsibility that is not just

enormous responsibility that is not just

enormous responsibility that is not just the responsibility of the scientists and

the responsibility of the scientists and

the responsibility of the scientists and the ethicists who are thinking about it

the ethicists who are thinking about it

the ethicists who are thinking about it and writing about it now it is a

and writing about it now it is a

and writing about it now it is a responsibility of everybody because it

responsibility of everybody because it

responsibility of everybody because it will determine what kind of planet and

will determine what kind of planet and

will determine what kind of planet and what kind of bodies we will have in the

what kind of bodies we will have in the

what kind of bodies we will have in the future thanks

future thanks

future thanks [Applause]