How to pronounce "palimpsests"

This strange-looking plant is called the Llareta.

What looks like moss covering rocks

is actually a shrub

comprised of thousands of branches,

each containing clusters of tiny green leaves at the end

and so densely packed together

that you could actually stand on top of it.

This individual lives in the Atacama Desert in Chile,

and it happens to be 3,000 years old.

It also happens to be a relative of parsley.

For the past five years, I've been researching,

working with biologists

and traveling all over the world

to find continuously living organisms

that are 2,000 years old and older.

The project is part art and part science.

There's an environmental component.

And I'm also trying to create a means

in which to step outside our quotidian experience of time

and to start to consider a deeper timescale.

I selected 2,000 years as my minimum age

because I wanted to start at what we consider to be year zero

and work backward from there.

What you're looking at now is a tree called Jomon Sugi,

living on the remote island of Yakushima.

The tree was in part a catalyst for the project.

I'd been traveling in Japan

without an agenda other than to photograph,

and then I heard about this tree

that is 2,180 years old

and knew that I had to go visit it.

It wasn't until later, when I was actually back home in New York

that I got the idea for the project.

So it was the slow churn, if you will.

I think it was my longstanding desire

to bring together my interest

in art, science and philosophy

that allowed me to be ready

when the proverbial light bulb went on.

So I started researching, and to my surprise,

this project had never been done before

in the arts or the sciences.

And -- perhaps naively --

I was surprised to find that there isn't even an area in the sciences

that deals with this idea

of global species longevity.

So what you're looking at here

is the rhizocarpon geographicum, or map lichen,

and this is around 3,000 years old

and lives in Greenland,

which is a long way to go for some lichens.

Visiting Greenland was more like

traveling back in time

than just traveling very far north.

It was very primal and more remote

than anything I'd ever experienced before.

And this is heightened by a couple of particular experiences.

One was when I had been dropped off by boat

on a remote fjord,

only to find that the archeologists I was supposed to meet

were nowhere to be found.

And it's not like you could send them a text or shoot them an e-mail,

so I was literally left to my own devices.

But luckily, it worked out obviously,

but it was a humbling experience

to feel so disconnected.

And then a few days later,

we had the opportunity to go fishing in a glacial stream

near our campsite,

where the fish were so abundant

that you could literally reach into the stream

and grab out a foot-long trout with your bare hands.

It was like visiting

a more innocent time on the planet.

And then, of course, there's the lichens.

These lichens grow only one centimeter

every hundred years.

I think that really puts human lifespans

into a different perspective.

And what you're looking at here

is an aerial photo take over eastern Oregon.

And if the title "Searching for Armillaria Death Rings,"

sounds ominous, it is.

The Armillaria is actually a predatory fungus,

killing certain species of trees in the forest.

It's also more benignly known

as the honey mushroom or the "humongous fungus"

because it happens to be

one of the world's largest organisms as well.

So with the help of some biologists studying the fungus,

I got some maps and some GPS coordinates

and chartered a plane

and started looking for the death rings,

the circular patterns

in which the fungus kills the trees.

So I'm not sure if there are any in this photo,

but I do know the fungus is down there.

And then this back down on the ground

and you can see that the fungus is actually invading this tree.

So that white material that you see

in between the bark and the wood

is the mycelial felt of the fungus,

and what it's doing -- it's actually

slowly strangling the tree to death

by preventing the flow of water and nutrients.

So this strategy has served it pretty well --

it's 2,400 years old.

And then from underground to underwater.

This is a Brain Coral living in Tobago

that's around 2,000 years old.

And I had to overcome my fear of deep water to find this one.

This is at about 60 feet

or 18 meters, depth.

And you'll see, there's some damage to the surface of the coral.

That was actually caused by a school of parrot fish

that had started eating it,

though luckily, they lost interest before killing it.

Luckily still, it seems to be out of harm's way

of the recent oil spill.

But that being said, we just as easily could have lost

one of the oldest living things on the planet,

and the full impact of that disaster

is still yet to be seen.

Now this is something that I think

is one of the most quietly resilient things on the planet.

This is clonal colony

of Quaking Aspen trees, living in Utah,

that is literally 80,000 years old.

What looks like a forest

is actually only one tree.

Imagine that it's one giant root system

and each tree is a stem

coming up from that system.

So what you have is one giant,

interconnected,

genetically identical individual

that's been living for 80,000 years.

It also happens to be male

and, in theory immortal.

(Laughter)

This is a clonal tree as well.

This is the spruce Gran Picea,

which at 9,550 years

is a mere babe in the woods.

The location of this tree

is actually kept secret for its own protection.

I spoke to the biologist who discovered this tree,

and he told me that that spindly growth you see there in the center

is most likely a product of climate change.

As it's gotten warmer on the top of the mountain,

the vegetation zone is actually changing.

So we don't even necessarily have to have

direct contact with these organisms

to have a very real impact on them.

This is the Fortingall Yew --

no, I'm just kidding --

this is the Fortingall Yew.

(Laughter)

But I put that slide in there

because I'm often asked if there are any animals in the project.

And aside from coral,

the answer is no.

Does anybody know how old the oldest tortoise is --

any guesses?

(Audience: 300.)

Rachel Sussman: 300? No, 175

is the oldest living tortoise,

so nowhere near 2,000.

And then, you might have heard

of this giant clam that was discovered

off the coast of northern Iceland

that reached 405 years old.

However, it died in the lab

as they were determining its age.

The most interesting discovery of late, I think

is the so-called immortal jellyfish,

which has actually been observed in the lab

to be able to be able to revert back to the polyp state

after reaching full maturity.

So that being said,

it's highly unlikely that any jellyfish would survive that long in the wild.

And back to the yew here.

So as you can see, it's in a churchyard;

it's in Scotland. It's behind a protective wall.

And there are actually a number or ancient yews

in churchyards around the U.K.,

but if you do the math, you'll remember

it's actually the yew trees that were there first, then the churches.

And now down to another part of the world.

I had the opportunity to travel around the Limpopo Province in South Africa

with an expert in Baobab trees.

And we saw a number of them,

and this is most likely the oldest.

It's around 2,000,

and it's called the Sagole Baobab.

And you know, I think of all of these organisms

as palimpsests.

They contain thousands of years

of their own histories within themselves,

and they also contain records of natural and human events.

And the Baobabs in particular

are a great example of this.

You can see that this one

has names carved into its trunk,

but it also records some natural events.

So the Baobabs, as they get older,

tend to get pulpy in their centers and hollow out.

And this can create

great natural shelters for animals,

but they've also been appropriated

for some rather dubious human uses,

including a bar, a prison

and even a toilet inside of a tree.

And this brings me to another favorite of mine --

I think, because it is just so unusual.

This plant is called the Welwitschia,

and it lives only in parts of coastal Namibia and Angola,

where it's uniquely adapted

to collect moisture from mist coming off the sea.

And what's more, it's actually a tree.

It's a primitive conifer.

You'll notice that it's bearing cones down the center.

And what looks like two big heaps of leaves,

is actually two single leaves

that get shredded up

by the harsh desert conditions over time.

And it actually never sheds those leaves,

so it also bears the distinction

of having the longest leaves

in the plant kingdom.

I spoke to a biologist

at the Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden in Capetown

to ask him

where he thought this remarkable plant came from,

and his thought was that

if you travel around Namibia,

you see that there are a number of petrified forests,

and the logs are all --

the logs are all giant coniferous trees,

and yet there's no sign of where they might have come from.

So his thought was that

flooding in the north of Africa

actually brought those coniferous trees down

tens of thousands of years ago,

and what resulted was this remarkable adaptation

to this unique desert environment.

This is what I think is the most poetic of the oldest living things.

This is something called an underground forest.

So, I spoke to a botanist at the Pretoria Botanical Garden,

who explained that certain species of trees

have adapted to this region.

It's bushfelt region,

which is dry and prone to a lot of fires,

as so what these trees have done

is, if you can imagine that this is the crown of the tree,

and that this is ground level,

imagine that the whole thing,

that whole bulk of the tree,

migrated underground,

and you just have those leaves peeping up above the surface.

That way, when a fire roars through,

it's the equivalent of getting your eyebrows singed.

The tree can easily recover.

These also tend to grow clonally,

the oldest of which is 13,000 years old.

Back in the U.S., there's a couple plants of similar age.

This is the clonal Creosote bush,

which is around 12,000 years old.

If you've been in the American West,

you know the Creosote bush is pretty ubiquitous,

but that being said, you see that this has

this unique, circular form.

And what's happening is it's expanding slowly outwards

from that original shape.

And it's one -- again, that interconnected root system,

making it one genetically identical individual.

It also has a friend nearby --

well, I think they're friends.

This is the clonal Mojave yucca, it's about a mile away,

and it's a little bit older than 12,000 years.

And you see it has that similar circular form.

And there's some younger clones

dotting the landscape behind it.

And both of these, the yucca and the Creosote bush,

live on Bureau of Land Management land,

and that's very different from being protected in a national park.

In fact, this land is designated

for recreational all-terrain vehicle use.

So, now I want to show what very well might be

the oldest living thing on the planet.

This is Siberian Actinobacteria,

which is between 400,000

and 600,000 years old.

This bacteria was discovered several years ago

by a team of planetary biologists

hoping to find clues to life on other planets

by looking at one of the harshest conditions on ours.

And what they found, by doing research into the permafrost,

was this bacteria.

But what's unique about it is that

it's doing DNA repair below freezing.

And what that means is that it's not dormant --

it's actually been living and growing

for half a million years.

It's also probably one the most vulnerable

of the oldest living things,

because if the permafrost melts,

it won't survive.

This is a map that I've put together of the oldest living things,

so you can get a sense of where they are; you see they're all over the world.

The blue flags represent things that I've already photographed,

and the reds are places that I'm still trying to get to.

You'll see also, there's a flag on Antarctica.

I'm trying to travel there

to find 5,000 year-old moss,

which lives on the Antarctic Peninsula.

So, I probably have about two more years left

on this project --

on this phase of the project,

but after five years,

I really feel like I know what's at the heart of this work.

The oldest living things in the world

are a record and celebration of our past,

a call to action in the present

and a barometer of our future.

They've survived for millennia

in desert, in the permafrost,

at the tops of mountains and at the bottom of the ocean.

They've withstood

untold natural perils and human encroachments,

but now some of them are in jeopardy,

and they can't just get up and get out of the way.

It's my hope that, by going to find these organisms,

that I can help draw attention

to their remarkable resilience

and help play a part in insuring

their continued longevity into the foreseeable future.

Thank you.

(Applause)