How to pronounce "manifestation"

Transcriber:

Whitney Pennington-Rodgers: Hi, Nick, thanks so much for being here.

Nick Turner: Whitney, thank you.

WPR: For those who aren’t familiar,

could you start by just telling us a little bit about Vera

and the work you do?

NT: The Vera Institute of Justice is a leading justice reform organization.

We seek to transform the criminal legal system and the immigration system.

We call it the criminal legal system

because to call it a criminal justice system

is a little bit of a misnomer.

It doesn't deliver justice.

And we work to transform the immigration system

because many of the problems

that we see in the criminal legal system

are just the same in the immigration system.

And by transform,

what I mean is to shrink both of those systems

to make sure that they are less brutal than they are right now

and that there's some modicum of justice that's provided.

We work on some of the biggest problems

that are facing the country in these two realms

and try to provide solutions.

So I'll just give you an example of that.

One of the things that we did over the last years

was to participate in a campaign

that ended up overturning the congressionally imposed ban

on Pell Grants,

which is federal financial aid for low-income students.

1994, Congress said that those were no longer going to be available

to incarcerated students,

and we were able to win that back at the end of 2020.

And that makes a remarkable difference

to close to 20,000 people right now

who have an opportunity to earn a degree,

find a pathway to employment, to higher income,

to end intergenerational incarceration,

and for people who are concerned about it to save money

because there's less recidivism.

WPR: I know you do so much more than just that, but I mean,

even thinking about the reason we need this sort of thing in this country

and sort of how our justice system ended up in this space

where this sort of work is even necessary.

Maybe you could describe a little bit about that

and how it plays into the rest of the world.

NT: Well, there's a little bit of history to tell.

I'm not a historian, but I think it's probably something

that all of you are familiar with.

This system that we have and the roots of it,

they go down to our very bones.

I often describe it as being just as American as apple pie.

The system of mass incarceration that we have is just the latest iteration,

the modern iteration of a system of racial subordination in the country.

And it manifests and has manifested in different ways in America.

But you can go back to slavery,

you can go back to the 13th Amendment,

which outlawed slavery except for people who were convicted criminally.

You can think about post-Reconstruction era, 1877 on,

when the South,

which didn't have a work force

because it was deprived of enslaved people,

passed laws, Black Codes,

that made criminal things like standing on a corner,

standing on a street, called it loitering.

And then people would be arrested,

and then their bodies would be sold to private industry

and leased as labor.

So that was our first interaction with mass incarceration in the country.

And if you flash forward 100 years

and you re-begin the story in the early 1970s,

that was our second post-Reconstruction period where,

in response to the gains that were made in the civil rights movement,

politicians sought to tap into the frustrations

of many white voters

so that you talk about it sometimes as the Southern Strategy,

and started responding to disorder that was seen in cities

and said, "We need to have a war on drugs."

"We need to have a war on crime."

And generation of tough-on-crime laws,

mandatory minimums were put in place.

And that's what we have now.

And we went on a sort of stratospheric,

700-percent increase in the prison population

over the course of the 50 years

between the early '70s and the aughts.

And here's the thing that we should know,

is that we did it.

This is a product of democracy.

It did not have to be this way,

but we elected people who promised us

that safety and order could be delivered

by a criminal legal system that we have today.

WPR: Well, thank you for that.

I think it's interesting in thinking about this moment right now

where I feel like there's so much interest in this subject

and thinking about justice reform and and how we can fix this system.

And I'm curious to know from you,

sort of, your thoughts about this moment right now,

where it is in some ways kind of trendy to support issues around criminal justice.

NT: I've been doing this work for about 25 years,

one way or another,

in direct services at first

and then in the policy work that Vera does

and you know,

I admit that I have seen in the past five or six years

that this has become sort of a cause célèbre

and people have gotten excited about it.

I think that that is a fundamentally good thing.

If you remember what I said a moment ago,

that this is democracy that created this monster that we have,

and so the only way that we will undo it is if people engage.

And so the mere fact that we have discussions

like the one that we're having tonight,

that you can name a slew of celebrities

from Kim Kardashian to, you know,

to John Legend, and sort of, list goes on

who have elevated this issue

and made people start to think about it differently,

that we have a generation of young people who have grown up

with the concept of mass incarceration

and understand it's actually not something that is necessary to deliver safety,

but in fact that there are all sorts of profound costs and burdens

that are associated with it.

So it may feel trendy

because for, you know, up until five or six years ago,

while many people carried the stigma and the sadness

that one in two Americans have a family member

who has been incarcerated --

that's massive, one in two.

This is what we've created,

and a lot of people carry that stigma

and so that people are finally talking about it

and calling attention to it is absolutely necessary.

So I'm OK if people are on trend.

WPR: And I'm curious if you feel

the pandemic in any way has impacted your work

or the way that we all should be thinking about justice reform.

NT: Well, not enough.

I mean, I think one of the things that happened when the pandemic started

was that we actually saw a pretty remarkable reaction

on the parts of jail systems and police where we recognize that, you know,

some of the most profound vectors of COVID spread

were going to be in congregate care facilities.

That’s jails and prisons around the country.

And jail populations dropped about 15 percent

because sheriffs were letting go of people,

judges were not imposing bail,

police were issuing tickets

rather than arresting and sending folks to jail.

And so that was actually a very positive sort of, general reaction to see.

We've seen those numbers start to tick back up,

so it didn't quite have the durability that we would like it to.

But one of the things

that I think we learned at that moment in time

is that it actually didn't cost people anything.

Those decisions could be made,

and people stayed safe.

And there was a manifestation that what mattered was, you know,

public health over public safety.

And people’s humanity mattered.

And so it was a remarkable thing to see,

but we've got a lot more work to do.

WPR: And to that point, I guess,

what is the work that we have to do?

What do you think we do in this moment to fix this system?

NT: I think the most important thing that we can do

is to redefine what we think delivers safety

and safety for whom.

So we have this pretty simplistic notion in this country.

We grow up talking about bad guys and good guys, cops and robbers.

We brand people as criminal

for a certain act that they have committed,

as if that is the sum total of who they are.

But the formula that we have basically been fed,

and I think mostly have ingested

and tend to embrace as a people, is that if you want safety,

you have to have police and you have to have prosecutors

and you have to put people in jail and prison.

But the fact of the matter is,

is that we as a country are quite unusual

in that we use this, this criminal legal system,

to respond to an array of problems and challenges that people have

that are really non-criminal.

So I'll give you one statistic.

Every year, about 10.5 million people are arrested in this country.

So that's one every three seconds.

So it just happened again.

And it just happened again.

And some people might be OK with that,

and they think, "Well, you know,

it's a violent country, there are a lot of guns out there."

But when you look at statistics, one of the things that we see

is that only five percent of those arrests are for violent crime.

An 80 percent -- 80 percent --

so we're talking eight million of those arrests,

which means people going to jail,

getting a record that's going to make it hard for them to get a job,

are for conduct that's associated with poverty,

homelessness, mental illness and substance use.

And so we're investing in this apparatus

that sucks people into the system

that isn't well adapted to address these complex problems,

because many of these things are public health problems.

Homelessness -- we should have supportive housing.

Why would we lock someone up?

If someone is decompensating,

would we rather have two people with side arms pop out of a car

and address that situation,

or we'd rather have a trained person

who actually knows how to de-escalate

and understands mental illness

and connect that person to the right kind of system?

So what we need to do

is invest less in this massive apparatus

and invest in the things that we know will actually provide

the kind of safety and the thriving

and far less harm than what we currently have.

So it has to be a fundamental, sort of, reordering of how we think about things.

We have to be deprogrammed.

And then we have to go out and we have to act

and we have to vote on that

and we have to participate in local elections

for district attorneys and sheriffs

and demand these kinds of changes.

And demand from mayors and governors

that they invest in public health and invest in communities

rather than in the systems that end up harming them.

WPR: So what you're describing

is really this idea of decarceration and defunding the police,

which has gotten a lot of air time in the past, you know, year or two.

And I think there are definitely people

who think that this idea feels either too pie-in-the-sky,

that it’s too far from where we are right now as a nation to get there.

And other people who maybe just feel

like this just isn't the right way to go about fixing these issues.

And so I'm curious what you would say to skeptics.

NT: Well, you know, I mean,

the first thing that I would recognize is that, you know --

so the language of defund is intentional, you know, provocation.

And it sort of sharpened the issue.

And I think that in the political context,

Democrats have been very effectively trolled by Republicans

and have been tagged with the issue.

But if you really stop and you look at it,

if I were to talk to you and I say,

look, we're spending 115 billion dollars a year on policing.

In major cities in this country, we're spending 30 percent to 40 percent,

sometimes 50 percent on policing of a city budget.

Not on housing,

not on public health,

not on substance abuse care and not on mental health care,

on policing.

And by the way,

80 percent of the things that the police are stopping people for

are for conduct that relates to poverty and homelessness

and mental illness and substance use.

Does that make sense to you?

Is that how you want to spend dollars?

Is that what you believe is the right return on investment for societies?

First of all, I think it's important you have to listen to people.

And if they're fearful about crime,

you've got to acknowledge that that might be the case.

And certainly in communities where we've seen a lot of crime,

people do have a right to be fearful.

I come to this work

because of my commitment to racial justice and equity.

Others on the other side of the aisle might not.

They might come to it for civil liberty reasons

that, you know, they want to shrink the size of government,

they don't like government overreach,

they are concerned about how government spends its money.

So I think it's important to figure out how to meet people where they're at

to have the conversation that obviously requires listening first.

And then the last thing that I'll say

is that I would urge people to do exactly as we've done tonight,

which is to recognize the humanity of people

and to, you know, again,

one in two Americans have had a family member who was incarcerated.

And so I know there are people in this audience

who have experienced that,

who have maybe stuffed it away

and are challenged by, you know,

coming to terms with that stigma.

But for us to remember what we would like for our sons and our daughters,

or our brothers or our fathers,

and to start from that perspective.

So I would try to engage people on a human empathetic level.

WPR: And just, I guess, as a final thought here.

Do you feel hopeful, I guess, about this moment?

Do you feel like we're moving in the right direction?

NT: Most days.

Most days, I feel hopeful.

I mean, I talked about the deep roots of this system that we have,

and I talked about the fact

that this is something that democracy chose,

that we all chose,

that we can unchoose it, and we can act differently.

I think it will take a long time.

I'm very hopeful again that we're having the kinds of conversations

that we are having tonight,

that people are engaging.

I see movement on the policy level,

but I'm also not tricked into believing that it will be easy.

And some of the same tools that we have seen

that have created this apparatus --

the fear mongering,

you know,

sort of the iconography of gang bangers and, you know,

cities of carnage and Willie Horton

and all of these, sort of, the things that fueled this movement --

I see that again today.

I see that on headlines.

My mother-in-law visited for a while,

she watched a lot of Fox News,

I saw it 24 hours a day.

And so that's dangerous.

And so that makes me remember what, you know,

what a task we have ahead of us

and how much we're really going to have to lean in and to be resilient,

to claim victories when we can.

But to wake up the next day and know that we're going to have to reach harder

and stronger to get more done.

WPR: Thank you so much, Nick, you've given us a lot to think about.

Thank you for being here tonight.

NT: Thank you, Whitney, it's a pleasure.

(Applause)