How to pronounce "intransigent"

[Music]

what I wanted to tell you about was um

what I wanted to tell you about was um

what I wanted to tell you about was um I'm going to start with a little story

I'm going to start with a little story

I'm going to start with a little story so I grew up in this neighborhood when I

so I grew up in this neighborhood when I

so I grew up in this neighborhood when I was uh 15 years old I went from being

was uh 15 years old I went from being

was uh 15 years old I went from being what I think was a strapping young

what I think was a strapping young

what I think was a strapping young athlete uh over four months slowly

athlete uh over four months slowly

athlete uh over four months slowly wasting away until I was basically a

wasting away until I was basically a

wasting away until I was basically a famine victim with an unquenchable

famine victim with an unquenchable

famine victim with an unquenchable thirst I had uh basically digested away

thirst I had uh basically digested away

thirst I had uh basically digested away my body and um this all came to a head

my body and um this all came to a head

my body and um this all came to a head when I was on a backpacking trip my

when I was on a backpacking trip my

when I was on a backpacking trip my first one ever actually on Old Rag

first one ever actually on Old Rag

first one ever actually on Old Rag Mountain in West Virginia and um was

Mountain in West Virginia and um was

Mountain in West Virginia and um was putting my face into puddles of water

putting my face into puddles of water

putting my face into puddles of water and drinking like a dog um that night uh

and drinking like a dog um that night uh

and drinking like a dog um that night uh I was taken into the emergency room and

I was taken into the emergency room and

I was taken into the emergency room and diagnosed as a type 1 diabetic and

diagnosed as a type 1 diabetic and

diagnosed as a type 1 diabetic and fullblown keto

fullblown keto

fullblown keto acidosis and I recovered thanks to the

acidosis and I recovered thanks to the

acidosis and I recovered thanks to the Miracles of modern medicine insulin and

Miracles of modern medicine insulin and

Miracles of modern medicine insulin and uh other things and um gained all my

uh other things and um gained all my

uh other things and um gained all my weight back and more um and uh something

weight back and more um and uh something

weight back and more um and uh something festered inside me after this happened

festered inside me after this happened

festered inside me after this happened what I thought about was what caused the

what I thought about was what caused the

what I thought about was what caused the diabetes you see Di diabetes is an

diabetes you see Di diabetes is an

diabetes you see Di diabetes is an autoimmune disease where your body

autoimmune disease where your body

autoimmune disease where your body fights itself and at the time people

fights itself and at the time people

fights itself and at the time people thought that somehow maybe exposure to a

thought that somehow maybe exposure to a

thought that somehow maybe exposure to a pathogen uh uh had triggered my immune

pathogen uh uh had triggered my immune

pathogen uh uh had triggered my immune system to fight the pathogen and then

system to fight the pathogen and then

system to fight the pathogen and then kill the cells that make insulin and

kill the cells that make insulin and

kill the cells that make insulin and this is what I thought for a long period

this is what I thought for a long period

this is what I thought for a long period of time and that's in fact what medicine

of time and that's in fact what medicine

of time and that's in fact what medicine and people have focused on quite a bit

and people have focused on quite a bit

and people have focused on quite a bit the microbes that do uh bad things and

the microbes that do uh bad things and

the microbes that do uh bad things and that's where I need my uh my assistant

that's where I need my uh my assistant

that's where I need my uh my assistant here now um You may recognize her um

here now um You may recognize her um

here now um You may recognize her um so I went yesterday I I'm apologize I

so I went yesterday I I'm apologize I

so I went yesterday I I'm apologize I skipped a few of the talks and I went

skipped a few of the talks and I went

skipped a few of the talks and I went over to the National Academy of Sciences

over to the National Academy of Sciences

over to the National Academy of Sciences building um and they um sell toys giant

building um and they um sell toys giant

building um and they um sell toys giant microbes um and uh here we go so you you

microbes um and uh here we go so you you

microbes um and uh here we go so you you have caught flesh eating disease if you

have caught flesh eating disease if you

have caught flesh eating disease if you caught that one

caught that one

caught that one um I got to get back out my baseball

um I got to get back out my baseball

um I got to get back out my baseball build

build

build here um so

here um so

here um so [Applause]

[Applause]

[Applause] so um unfortunately or not surprisingly

so um unfortunately or not surprisingly

so um unfortunately or not surprisingly most of the microbes they sell at the

most of the microbes they sell at the

most of the microbes they sell at the National Academy building are pathogens

National Academy building are pathogens

National Academy building are pathogens everybody focuses on the things that

everybody focuses on the things that

everybody focuses on the things that kill us and that's what I was focusing

kill us and that's what I was focusing

kill us and that's what I was focusing on and it turns out that we are covered

on and it turns out that we are covered

on and it turns out that we are covered in a cloud of microbes and those

in a cloud of microbes and those

in a cloud of microbes and those microbes actually do us good much of the

microbes actually do us good much of the

microbes actually do us good much of the time rather than killing us and so we've

time rather than killing us and so we've

time rather than killing us and so we've known about this for some period of time

known about this for some period of time

known about this for some period of time people have used microscopes to look at

people have used microscopes to look at

people have used microscopes to look at the microbes that cover us I know you're

the microbes that cover us I know you're

the microbes that cover us I know you're not paying attention to me but

not paying attention to me but

not paying attention to me but um the the microbes that cover us and um

um the the microbes that cover us and um

um the the microbes that cover us and um if you look at them in the microscope

if you look at them in the microscope

if you look at them in the microscope you can see that we actually have 10

you can see that we actually have 10

you can see that we actually have 10 times as many cells of microbes on us as

times as many cells of microbes on us as

times as many cells of microbes on us as we have human cells there's more mass in

we have human cells there's more mass in

we have human cells there's more mass in the microbes than the mass of our brain

the microbes than the mass of our brain

the microbes than the mass of our brain we are literally a teeming ecosystem of

we are literally a teeming ecosystem of

we are literally a teeming ecosystem of microorganisms and unfortunately if you

microorganisms and unfortunately if you

microorganisms and unfortunately if you want to learn about the microorganisms

want to learn about the microorganisms

want to learn about the microorganisms just looking at them in a microscope is

just looking at them in a microscope is

just looking at them in a microscope is not sufficient and so we just heard

not sufficient and so we just heard

not sufficient and so we just heard about the DNA sequencing it turns out

about the DNA sequencing it turns out

about the DNA sequencing it turns out that one of the best ways to look at

that one of the best ways to look at

that one of the best ways to look at microbes and to understand them is to

microbes and to understand them is to

microbes and to understand them is to look at their DNA and that's what I've

look at their DNA and that's what I've

look at their DNA and that's what I've been doing for 20 years using DNA

been doing for 20 years using DNA

been doing for 20 years using DNA sequencing collecting samples from

sequencing collecting samples from

sequencing collecting samples from various places including the human body

various places including the human body

various places including the human body reading the DNA sequence and then using

reading the DNA sequence and then using

reading the DNA sequence and then using that DNA sequencing to tell us about the

that DNA sequencing to tell us about the

that DNA sequencing to tell us about the microbes that are in a particular place

microbes that are in a particular place

microbes that are in a particular place and what's amazing when you use this

and what's amazing when you use this

and what's amazing when you use this technology for example looking at humans

technology for example looking at humans

technology for example looking at humans we're not just covered in a sea of

we're not just covered in a sea of

we're not just covered in a sea of microbes there are thousands upon

microbes there are thousands upon

microbes there are thousands upon thousands of different kinds of microbes

thousands of different kinds of microbes

thousands of different kinds of microbes on us we have

on us we have

on us we have um millions of genes of microbes in our

um millions of genes of microbes in our

um millions of genes of microbes in our human microbiome covering us and so this

human microbiome covering us and so this

human microbiome covering us and so this microbial diversity differs between

microbial diversity differs between

microbial diversity differs between people and what people have been

people and what people have been

people and what people have been thinking about in the last 10 maybe 15

thinking about in the last 10 maybe 15

thinking about in the last 10 maybe 15 years is maybe these microbes this

years is maybe these microbes this

years is maybe these microbes this microbial cloud in and on us and the

microbial cloud in and on us and the

microbial cloud in and on us and the variation between us may be responsible

variation between us may be responsible

variation between us may be responsible for some of the health and illness

for some of the health and illness

for some of the health and illness differences between us and that comes

differences between us and that comes

differences between us and that comes back to the diabetes story I was telling

back to the diabetes story I was telling

back to the diabetes story I was telling you it turns out that people now think

you it turns out that people now think

you it turns out that people now think that one of the triggers for type 1

that one of the triggers for type 1

that one of the triggers for type 1 diabetes is not fighting a pathogen but

diabetes is not fighting a pathogen but

diabetes is not fighting a pathogen but is in fact trying to miscommunicating

is in fact trying to miscommunicating

is in fact trying to miscommunicating with the microbes that live in and on

with the microbes that live in and on

with the microbes that live in and on you and somehow maybe the microbial

you and somehow maybe the microbial

you and somehow maybe the microbial Community that's in and on me got off

Community that's in and on me got off

Community that's in and on me got off and then this triggered some sort of

and then this triggered some sort of

and then this triggered some sort of immune response and led to me killing

immune response and led to me killing

immune response and led to me killing the cells that make insulin in my body

the cells that make insulin in my body

the cells that make insulin in my body and so what I want to tell you about for

and so what I want to tell you about for

and so what I want to tell you about for a few minutes is what people have

a few minutes is what people have

a few minutes is what people have learned using DNA sequencing techniques

learned using DNA sequencing techniques

learned using DNA sequencing techniques in particular to study the microb the

in particular to study the microb the

in particular to study the microb the microbial Cloud that lives in and on us

microbial Cloud that lives in and on us

microbial Cloud that lives in and on us and I want to tell you a story about a

and I want to tell you a story about a

and I want to tell you a story about a personal project my first personal

personal project my first personal

personal project my first personal experience with studying the microbes on

experience with studying the microbes on

experience with studying the microbes on the human body actually came uh from a

the human body actually came uh from a

the human body actually came uh from a talk that I gave right around the corner

talk that I gave right around the corner

talk that I gave right around the corner from here at Georgetown I gave a talk

from here at Georgetown I gave a talk

from here at Georgetown I gave a talk and a family friend uh who happened to

and a family friend uh who happened to

and a family friend uh who happened to be the dean of Georgetown medical school

be the dean of Georgetown medical school

be the dean of Georgetown medical school was at the talk and came up to me

was at the talk and came up to me

was at the talk and came up to me afterwards saying they were doing a

afterwards saying they were doing a

afterwards saying they were doing a study of ilal transplants in people and

study of ilal transplants in people and

study of ilal transplants in people and they wanted to look at the microbes

they wanted to look at the microbes

they wanted to look at the microbes after the transplants and so I started a

after the transplants and so I started a

after the transplants and so I started a collaboration with this person Michael

collaboration with this person Michael

collaboration with this person Michael zasloff and Thomas fishbine to look at

zasloff and Thomas fishbine to look at

zasloff and Thomas fishbine to look at the microbes that colonized these Ilia

the microbes that colonized these Ilia

the microbes that colonized these Ilia after they were transplanted into a

after they were transplanted into a

after they were transplanted into a recipient and I can tell you all the

recipient and I can tell you all the

recipient and I can tell you all the details about the microbial study that

details about the microbial study that

details about the microbial study that we did there but the reason I want to

we did there but the reason I want to

we did there but the reason I want to tell you this story is something really

tell you this story is something really

tell you this story is something really striking that they did at the beginning

striking that they did at the beginning

striking that they did at the beginning beginning of this project they take the

beginning of this project they take the

beginning of this project they take the donor iliam which is filled with

donor iliam which is filled with

donor iliam which is filled with microbes from a donor and they have a

microbes from a donor and they have a

microbes from a donor and they have a recipient who might have a problem with

recipient who might have a problem with

recipient who might have a problem with their microbial Community say Crohn's

their microbial Community say Crohn's

their microbial Community say Crohn's disease and they sterilized the donor

disease and they sterilized the donor

disease and they sterilized the donor iliam cleaned out all the microbes and

iliam cleaned out all the microbes and

iliam cleaned out all the microbes and then put it in the recipient they did

then put it in the recipient they did

then put it in the recipient they did this because this was common practice in

this because this was common practice in

this because this was common practice in medicine even though it was obvious that

medicine even though it was obvious that

medicine even though it was obvious that this was not a good idea and fortunately

this was not a good idea and fortunately

this was not a good idea and fortunately in the course of this project the

in the course of this project the

in the course of this project the transplant surgeons and the other people

transplant surgeons and the other people

transplant surgeons and the other people decided forget common practice we have

decided forget common practice we have

decided forget common practice we have to switch so they actually switch to

to switch so they actually switch to

to switch so they actually switch to leaving some of the microbial community

leaving some of the microbial community

leaving some of the microbial community in the ilum the ilam inside uh these

in the ilum the ilam inside uh these

in the ilum the ilam inside uh these people they leave the microbes with the

people they leave the microbes with the

people they leave the microbes with the donor and theoretically that might help

donor and theoretically that might help

donor and theoretically that might help the people who are receiving this um

the people who are receiving this um

the people who are receiving this um ilal transplant and so people this is a

ilal transplant and so people this is a

ilal transplant and so people this is a study that I did now in the last few

study that I did now in the last few

study that I did now in the last few years there's been a great expansion in

years there's been a great expansion in

years there's been a great expansion in using DNA technology to study the

using DNA technology to study the

using DNA technology to study the microbes in and on people there's

microbes in and on people there's

microbes in and on people there's something called the human microbiome

something called the human microbiome

something called the human microbiome project that's going on in the United

project that's going on in the United

project that's going on in the United States and metahit going on in Europe

States and metahit going on in Europe

States and metahit going on in Europe and a lot of other projects and when

and a lot of other projects and when

and a lot of other projects and when people have done a variety of studies

people have done a variety of studies

people have done a variety of studies they have learned things um such as when

they have learned things um such as when

they have learned things um such as when a baby is born during vaginal delivery

a baby is born during vaginal delivery

a baby is born during vaginal delivery you get colonized by the microbes from

you get colonized by the microbes from

you get colonized by the microbes from your mother there are risk factors

your mother there are risk factors

your mother there are risk factors associated with cesarian sections some

associated with cesarian sections some

associated with cesarian sections some of those risk factors may be due to misc

of those risk factors may be due to misc

of those risk factors may be due to misc colonization when you carve a baby out

colonization when you carve a baby out

colonization when you carve a baby out of its mother rather rather than being

of its mother rather rather than being

of its mother rather rather than being delivered through the birth

delivered through the birth

delivered through the birth canal and a variety of other Studies

canal and a variety of other Studies

canal and a variety of other Studies have shown that the microbial community

have shown that the microbial community

have shown that the microbial community that lives in and on us helps in

that lives in and on us helps in

that lives in and on us helps in development of the immune system helps

development of the immune system helps

development of the immune system helps in um fighting off pathogens helps in

in um fighting off pathogens helps in

in um fighting off pathogens helps in our metabolism and determining our

our metabolism and determining our

our metabolism and determining our metabolic rate probably determines our

metabolic rate probably determines our

metabolic rate probably determines our odor and may even shape our behavior in

odor and may even shape our behavior in

odor and may even shape our behavior in a variety of ways and so these Studies

a variety of ways and so these Studies

a variety of ways and so these Studies have documented or suggested at a

have documented or suggested at a

have documented or suggested at a variety of important functions for the

variety of important functions for the

variety of important functions for the microbial Community This Cloud the

microbial Community This Cloud the

microbial Community This Cloud the non-pathogens that live in and on us and

non-pathogens that live in and on us and

non-pathogens that live in and on us and one um area that I think is very

one um area that I think is very

one um area that I think is very interesting which many of you may have

interesting which many of you may have

interesting which many of you may have now that we've thrown microbes into the

now that we've thrown microbes into the

now that we've thrown microbes into the crowd um is something that I would call

crowd um is something that I would call

crowd um is something that I would call germaphobia um so people are really into

germaphobia um so people are really into

germaphobia um so people are really into cleanliness right we have antibiotics in

cleanliness right we have antibiotics in

cleanliness right we have antibiotics in our kitchen counters people are washing

our kitchen counters people are washing

our kitchen counters people are washing every part of them all of the time we

every part of them all of the time we

every part of them all of the time we pump antibiotics into our food into um

pump antibiotics into our food into um

pump antibiotics into our food into um our communities we take antibiotics uh

our communities we take antibiotics uh

our communities we take antibiotics uh excessively and killing pathogens is a

excessively and killing pathogens is a

excessively and killing pathogens is a good thing if you're sick but we should

good thing if you're sick but we should

good thing if you're sick but we should understand that when we pump chemicals

understand that when we pump chemicals

understand that when we pump chemicals and antibiotics into our world that

and antibiotics into our world that

and antibiotics into our world that we're also killing the cloud of microbes

we're also killing the cloud of microbes

we're also killing the cloud of microbes that live in and on us and excessive use

that live in and on us and excessive use

that live in and on us and excessive use of antibiotics in particular in children

of antibiotics in particular in children

of antibiotics in particular in children have been shown to be associated with

have been shown to be associated with

have been shown to be associated with again risk factors for obesity for

again risk factors for obesity for

again risk factors for obesity for autoimmune diseases for a variety of

autoimmune diseases for a variety of

autoimmune diseases for a variety of problems that are probably due to

problems that are probably due to

problems that are probably due to disruption of the microbial community so

disruption of the microbial community so

disruption of the microbial community so the microbial Community can go wrong

the microbial Community can go wrong

the microbial Community can go wrong whether we want it to or not or we can

whether we want it to or not or we can

whether we want it to or not or we can kill it with antibiotics but what can we

kill it with antibiotics but what can we

kill it with antibiotics but what can we do to restore it so I'm sure many people

do to restore it so I'm sure many people

do to restore it so I'm sure many people here have heard about probiotics

here have heard about probiotics

here have heard about probiotics probiotics are one thing that you can

probiotics are one thing that you can

probiotics are one thing that you can try and do to restore the microbial

try and do to restore the microbial

try and do to restore the microbial community that is in and on you and they

community that is in and on you and they

community that is in and on you and they definitely have been shown to be

definitely have been shown to be

definitely have been shown to be effective in some cases there's a

effective in some cases there's a

effective in some cases there's a project going on at UC Davis where

project going on at UC Davis where

project going on at UC Davis where people are using probiotics to try and

people are using probiotics to try and

people are using probiotics to try and treat prevent necrotizing entc colitis

treat prevent necrotizing entc colitis

treat prevent necrotizing entc colitis in premature infants premature infants

in premature infants premature infants

in premature infants premature infants have real problems with their microbial

have real problems with their microbial

have real problems with their microbial community and it may be that probiotics

community and it may be that probiotics

community and it may be that probiotics can help prevent the development of this

can help prevent the development of this

can help prevent the development of this horrible necrotizing enteritis in these

horrible necrotizing enteritis in these

horrible necrotizing enteritis in these premature

premature

premature infants um uh but probiotics are sort of

infants um uh but probiotics are sort of

infants um uh but probiotics are sort of a very very simple solution most of that

a very very simple solution most of that

a very very simple solution most of that the pills that you can take or the

the pills that you can take or the

the pills that you can take or the yogurts that you can eat have one or two

yogurts that you can eat have one or two

yogurts that you can eat have one or two species in them maybe five species in

species in them maybe five species in

species in them maybe five species in them and the human Community is

them and the human Community is

them and the human Community is thousands upon thousands of species so

thousands upon thousands of species so

thousands upon thousands of species so what can we do to restore our microb

what can we do to restore our microb

what can we do to restore our microb Community when we have thousands and

Community when we have thousands and

Community when we have thousands and thousands of species on us well one

thousands of species on us well one

thousands of species on us well one thing that animals seem to do is they

thing that animals seem to do is they

thing that animals seem to do is they eat eat pooh

eat eat pooh

eat eat pooh coprofagia um and it turns out that um

coprofagia um and it turns out that um

coprofagia um and it turns out that um many veterinarians old school

many veterinarians old school

many veterinarians old school veterinarians in particular have been

veterinarians in particular have been

veterinarians in particular have been doing something called

doing something called

doing something called py um not booty but py um to treat kic

py um not booty but py um to treat kic

py um not booty but py um to treat kic and other sort of ailments in horses and

and other sort of ailments in horses and

and other sort of ailments in horses and cows and things like that where you make

cows and things like that where you make

cows and things like that where you make tea from the Poo from a healthy

tea from the Poo from a healthy

tea from the Poo from a healthy individual animal and you feed it to a

individual animal and you feed it to a

individual animal and you feed it to a sick animal although unless you have a

sick animal although unless you have a

sick animal although unless you have a fistulated cow with a big hole in its

fistulated cow with a big hole in its

fistulated cow with a big hole in its side and you can put your hand into its

side and you can put your hand into its

side and you can put your hand into its roomin it's hard to imagine that the

roomin it's hard to imagine that the

roomin it's hard to imagine that the delivery of microbes directly into the

delivery of microbes directly into the

delivery of microbes directly into the mouth and through the entire sort of top

mouth and through the entire sort of top

mouth and through the entire sort of top of the digestive tract is the best

of the digestive tract is the best

of the digestive tract is the best delivery system so you may have heard um

delivery system so you may have heard um

delivery system so you may have heard um in people they are now doing fecal

in people they are now doing fecal

in people they are now doing fecal transplants

transplants

transplants um where rather than delivering a couple

um where rather than delivering a couple

um where rather than delivering a couple of probiotic microbes through the mouth

of probiotic microbes through the mouth

of probiotic microbes through the mouth they are delivering a community of

they are delivering a community of

they are delivering a community of probiotics a community of microbes from

probiotics a community of microbes from

probiotics a community of microbes from a healthy donor through the other end um

a healthy donor through the other end um

a healthy donor through the other end um and this has turned out to be very

and this has turned out to be very

and this has turned out to be very effective in fighting certain

effective in fighting certain

effective in fighting certain intransigent infectious diseases like

intransigent infectious diseases like

intransigent infectious diseases like Clum defal infections that can stay with

Clum defal infections that can stay with

Clum defal infections that can stay with people for years and years and years

people for years and years and years

people for years and years and years transplants of the feces of the microbes

transplants of the feces of the microbes

transplants of the feces of the microbes from the feces from a healthy donor has

from the feces from a healthy donor has

from the feces from a healthy donor has actually been shown to cure systemic SE

actually been shown to cure systemic SE

actually been shown to cure systemic SE diff infections in some

diff infections in some

diff infections in some people now what these transplants these

people now what these transplants these

people now what these transplants these feal transplants or the PO te um suggest

feal transplants or the PO te um suggest

feal transplants or the PO te um suggest to me and uh many other people have come

to me and uh many other people have come

to me and uh many other people have come up with this same idea is that the

up with this same idea is that the

up with this same idea is that the microbial community in and on us it's an

microbial community in and on us it's an

microbial community in and on us it's an organ we should view it as a functioning

organ we should view it as a functioning

organ we should view it as a functioning organ part of ourselves we should treat

organ part of ourselves we should treat

organ part of ourselves we should treat it carefully and with respect and we do

it carefully and with respect and we do

it carefully and with respect and we do not want to mess with it say by

not want to mess with it say by

not want to mess with it say by C-sections or by antibiotics or

C-sections or by antibiotics or

C-sections or by antibiotics or excessive cleanliness without some real

excessive cleanliness without some real

excessive cleanliness without some real good justification and what the DNA

good justification and what the DNA

good justification and what the DNA sequencing Technologies are allowing

sequencing Technologies are allowing

sequencing Technologies are allowing people to do now is do detailed studies

people to do now is do detailed studies

people to do now is do detailed studies of say a hundred patients who have

of say a hundred patients who have

of say a hundred patients who have Crohn's disease and 100 people who don't

Crohn's disease and 100 people who don't

Crohn's disease and 100 people who don't have Crohn's disease or 100 people who

have Crohn's disease or 100 people who

have Crohn's disease or 100 people who took antibiotics when they were little

took antibiotics when they were little

took antibiotics when they were little and 100 people who did not take

and 100 people who did not take

and 100 people who did not take antibiotics and we can now start to

antibiotics and we can now start to

antibiotics and we can now start to compare the community of microbes and

compare the community of microbes and

compare the community of microbes and their genes and see if there are

their genes and see if there are

their genes and see if there are differences and eventually we may be

differences and eventually we may be

differences and eventually we may be able to understand if they're not just

able to understand if they're not just

able to understand if they're not just correlative differences but causitive

correlative differences but causitive

correlative differences but causitive studies in model systems like Mouse and

studies in model systems like Mouse and

studies in model systems like Mouse and other animals are also helping do this

other animals are also helping do this

other animals are also helping do this but we are people are now using these

but we are people are now using these

but we are people are now using these Technologies because they've gotten very

Technologies because they've gotten very

Technologies because they've gotten very cheap to study the microbes in and on a

cheap to study the microbes in and on a

cheap to study the microbes in and on a variety of

variety of

variety of people so um in wrapping up what I want

people so um in wrapping up what I want

people so um in wrapping up what I want to tell you about is that I didn't tell

to tell you about is that I didn't tell

to tell you about is that I didn't tell you a part of the story of coming down

you a part of the story of coming down

you a part of the story of coming down with diabetes turns out that my father

with diabetes turns out that my father

with diabetes turns out that my father was an MD actually studied hormones um I

was an MD actually studied hormones um I

was an MD actually studied hormones um I told him many times that I was tired

told him many times that I was tired

told him many times that I was tired thirsty not feeling very good um and he

thirsty not feeling very good um and he

thirsty not feeling very good um and he Shrugged it off I think he either

Shrugged it off I think he either

Shrugged it off I think he either thought I was just you know complaining

thought I was just you know complaining

thought I was just you know complaining a lot or it was the typical MD you know

a lot or it was the typical MD you know

a lot or it was the typical MD you know nothing can be wrong with my children we

nothing can be wrong with my children we

nothing can be wrong with my children we even went to the international Society

even went to the international Society

even went to the international Society of Endocrinology meeting as as a family

of Endocrinology meeting as as a family

of Endocrinology meeting as as a family in Quebec and I was getting up every 5

in Quebec and I was getting up every 5

in Quebec and I was getting up every 5 minutes to

minutes to

minutes to pee and drinking everybody's water at

pee and drinking everybody's water at

pee and drinking everybody's water at the table and I think they all thought I

the table and I think they all thought I

the table and I think they all thought I was a

was a

was a drugie but the reason I'm telling you

drugie but the reason I'm telling you

drugie but the reason I'm telling you this is that the medical community my

this is that the medical community my

this is that the medical community my father as an example sometimes doesn't

father as an example sometimes doesn't

father as an example sometimes doesn't see what's right in front of their eyes

see what's right in front of their eyes

see what's right in front of their eyes the microbial Cloud it is right in front

the microbial Cloud it is right in front

the microbial Cloud it is right in front of us we can't see it most of the time

of us we can't see it most of the time

of us we can't see it most of the time it's invisible there microbes they're

it's invisible there microbes they're

it's invisible there microbes they're tiny but we can see them through their

tiny but we can see them through their

tiny but we can see them through their DNA we can see them through the effects

DNA we can see them through the effects

DNA we can see them through the effects that they have on people and what we

that they have on people and what we

that they have on people and what we need now is to start thinking about this

need now is to start thinking about this

need now is to start thinking about this microbial community in the context of

microbial community in the context of

microbial community in the context of everything in human medicine it doesn't

everything in human medicine it doesn't

everything in human medicine it doesn't mean that it affects every part of us

mean that it affects every part of us

mean that it affects every part of us but it might what we need is a full

but it might what we need is a full

but it might what we need is a full Field Guide to the microbes that live in

Field Guide to the microbes that live in

Field Guide to the microbes that live in and on people so that we can understand

and on people so that we can understand

and on people so that we can understand what they're doing to our lives

what they're doing to our lives

what they're doing to our lives we are them they are us thank you