How to pronounce "increments"

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

It was a Saturday afternoon in May,

and I suddenly realized

that the next day was Mother's Day,

and I hadn't gotten anything for my mom,

so I started thinking about

what should I get my mom for Mother's Day?

I thought, why don't I make her

an interactive Mother's Day card

using the Scratch software that I'd been developing

with my research group at the MIT Media Lab?

We developed it so that people could easily create

their own interactive stories and games and animations,

and then share their creations with one another.

So I thought, this would be an opportunity to use Scratch

to make an interactive card for my mom.

Before making my own Mother's Day card,

I thought I would take a look

at the Scratch website.

So over the last several years, kids around the world

ages 8 and up, have shared their projects,

and I thought, I wonder if, of those three million projects,

whether anyone else has thought to put up Mother's Day cards.

So in the search box I typed in

"Mother's Day,"

and I was surprised and delighted to see a list

of dozens and dozens of Mother's Day cards

that showed up on the Scratch website,

many of them just in the past 24 hours

by procrastinators just like myself.

So I started taking a look at them. (Music)

I saw one of them that featured a kitten

and her mom and wishing her mom a happy Mother's Day.

And the creator very considerately

offered a replay for her mom.

Another one was an interactive project where,

when you moved the mouse over the letters of "Happy Mom Day,"

it reveals a special happy Mother's Day slogan.

(Music) In this one, the creator told a narrative

about how she had Googled to find out

when Mother's Day was happening.

(Typing) And then once she found out when Mother's Day was happening,

she delivered a special Mother's Day greeting

of how much she loved her mom.

So I really enjoyed looking at these projects

and interacting with these projects.

In fact, I liked it so much that, instead of making my own project,

I sent my mom links to about a dozen of these projects. (Laughter)

And actually, she reacted exactly the way that I hoped that she would.

She wrote back to me and she said,

"I'm so proud to have a son that created the software

that allowed these kids to make Mother's Day cards for their mothers."

So my mom was happy, and that made me happy,

but actually I was even happier for another reason.

I was happy because these kids were using Scratch

just in the way that we had hoped that they would.

As they created their interactive Mother's Day cards,

you could see that they were really

becoming fluent with new technologies.

What do I mean by fluent?

I mean that they were able to start expressing themselves

and to start expressing their ideas.

When you become fluent with language,

it means you can write an entry in your journal

or tell a joke to someone or write a letter to a friend.

And it's similar with new technologies.

By writing, be creating these interactive Mother's Day cards,

these kids were showing that they were really fluent

with new technologies.

Now maybe you won't be so surprised by this,

because a lot of times people feel that

young people today can do all sorts of things with technology.

I mean, all of us have heard young people referred to as "digital natives."

But actually I'm sort of skeptical about this term.

I'm not so sure we should be thinking of young people as digital natives.

When you really look at it, how is it that young people

spend most of their time using new technologies?

You often see them in situations like this,

or like this,

and there's no doubt that young people

are very comfortable and familiar browsing

and chatting and texting and gaming.

But that doesn't really make you fluent.

So young people today have lots of experience

and lots of familiarity with interacting with new technologies,

but a lot less so of creating with new technologies

and expressing themselves with new technologies.

It's almost as if they can read

but not write with new technologies.

And I'm really interested in seeing, how can we help young people become fluent

so they can write with new technologies?

And that really means that they need to be able to

write their own computer programs, or code.

So, increasingly, people are starting to recognize

the importance of learning to code.

You know, in recent years, there have been

hundreds of new organizations and websites

that are helping young people learn to code.

You look online, you'll see places like Codecademy

and events like CoderDojo

and sites like Girls Who Code,

or Black Girls Code.

It seems that everybody is getting into the act.

You know, just at the beginning of this year,

at the turn of the new year,

New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg

made a New Year's resolution that he was going to learn

to code in 2012.

A few months later, the country of Estonia decided that

all of its first graders should learn to code.

And that triggered a debate in the U.K.

about whether all the children there should learn to code.

Now, for some of you, when you hear about this,

it might seem sort of strange about everybody learning to code.

When many people think of coding, they think of it

as something that only a very narrow sub-community

of people are going to be doing,

and they think of coding looking like this.

And in fact, if this is what coding is like,

it will only be a narrow sub-community of people

with special mathematical skills and technological background

that can code.

But coding doesn't have to be like this.

Let me show you about what it's like to code in Scratch.

So in Scratch, to code, you just snap blocks together.

In this case, you take a move block,

snap it into a stack,

and the stacks of blocks control the behaviors

of the different characters in your game or your story,

in this case controlling the big fish.

After you've created your program, you can click on "share,"

and then share your project with other people,

so that they can use the project

and start working on the project as well.

So, of course, making a fish game isn't the only thing

you can do with Scratch.

Of the millions of projects on the Scratch website,

there's everything from animated stories

to school science projects

to anime soap operas

to virtual construction kits

to recreations of classic video games

to political opinion polls

to trigonometry tutorials

to interactive artwork, and, yes,

interactive Mother's Day cards.

So I think there's so many different ways

that people can express themselves using this,

to be able to take their ideas and share their ideas with the world.

And it doesn't just stay on the screen.

You can also code to interact with the physical world around you.

Here's an example from Hong Kong,

where some kids made a game

and then built their own physical interface device

and had a light sensor, so the light sensor

detects the hole in the board,

so as they move the physical saw,

the light sensor detects the hole

and controls the virtual saw on the screen

and saws down the tree.

We're going to continue to look at new ways

of bringing together the physical world and the virtual world

and connecting to the world around us.

This is an example from a new version of Scratch

that we'll be releasing in the next few months,

and we're looking again to be able

to push you in new directions.

Here's an example.

It uses the webcam.

And as I move my hand, I can pop the balloons

or I can move the bug.

So it's a little bit like Microsoft Kinect,

where you interact with gestures in the world.

But instead of just playing someone else's game,

you get to create the games,

and if you see someone else's game,

you can just say "see inside,"

and you can look at the stacks of blocks that control it.

So there's a new block that says how much video motion there is,

and then, if there's so much video motion,

it will then tell the balloon to pop.

The same way that this uses the camera

to get information into Scratch,

you can also use the microphone.

Here's an example of a project using the microphone.

So I'm going to let all of you control this game

using your voices.

(Crickets chirping) (Shouts) (Chomping)

(Laughter)

(Applause)

As kids are creating projects like this,

they're learning to code,

but even more importantly, they're coding to learn.

Because as they learn to code,

it enables them to learn many other things,

opens up many new opportunities for learning.

Again, it's useful to make an analogy to reading and writing.

When you learn to read and write, it opens up

opportunities for you to learn so many other things.

When you learn to read, you can then read to learn.

And it's the same thing with coding.

If you learn to code, you can code to learn.

Now some of the things you can learn are sort of obvious.

You learn more about how computers work.

But that's just where it starts.

When you learn to code, it opens up for you to learn

many other things.

Let me show you an example.

Here's another project,

and I saw this when I was visiting

one of the computer clubhouses.

These are after-school learning centers that we helped start

that help young people from low-income communities

learn to express themselves creatively with new technologies.

And when I went to one of the clubhouses a couple years ago,

I saw a 13-year-old boy who was using our Scratch software

to create a game somewhat like this one,

and he was very happy with his game and proud of his game,

but also he wanted to do more.

He wanted to keep score.

So this was a game where the big fish eats the little fish,

but he wanted to keep score, so that each time

the big fish eats the little fish,

the score would go up and it would keep track,

and he didn't know how to do that.

So I showed him.

In Scratch, you can create something called a variable.

I'll call it score.

And that creates some new blocks for you,

and also creates a little scoreboard that keeps track of the score,

so each time I click on "change score," it increments the score.

So I showed this to the clubhouse member --

let's call him Victor -- and Victor,

when he saw that this block would let him increment the score,

he knew exactly what to do.

He took the block

and he put it into the program

exactly where the big fish eats the little fish.

So then, each time the big fish eats the little fish,

he will increment the score, and the score will go up by one.

And it's in fact working.

And he saw this, and he was so excited,

he reached his hand out to me,

and he said, "Thank you, thank you, thank you."

And what went through my mind was,

how often is it that teachers are thanked by their students

for teaching them variables? (Laughter)

It doesn't happen in most classrooms,

but that's because in most classrooms, when kids learn about variables,

they don't know why they're learning it.

It's nothing that, really, they can make use of.

When you learn ideas like this in Scratch,

you can learn it in a way that's really meaningful and motivating for you,

that you can understand the reason for learning variables,

and we see that kids learn it more deeply

and learn it better.

Victor had, I'm sure, been taught about variables in schools,

but he really didn't -- he wasn't paying attention.

Now he had a reason for learning variables.

So when you learn through coding, and coding to learn,

you're learning it in a meaningful context, and that's the best way of learning things.

So as kids like Victor are creating projects like this,

they're learning important concepts like variables,

but that's just the start.

As Victor worked on this project and created the scripts,

he was also learning about the process of design,

how to start with the glimmer of an idea

and turn it into a fully-fledged, functioning project

like you see here.

So he was learning many different core principles of design,

about how to experiment with new ideas,

how to take complex ideas and break them down into simpler parts,

how to collaborate with other people on your projects,

about how to find and fix bugs when things go wrong,

how to keep persistent and to persevere

in the face of frustrations when things aren't working well.

Now those are important skills

that aren't just relevant for coding.

They're relevant for all sorts of different activities.

Now, who knows if Victor is going to grow up and become

a programmer or a professional computer scientist?

It's probably not so likely,

but regardless of what he does,

he'll be able to make use of these design skills that he learned.

Regardless of whether he grows up to be a marketing manager

or a mechanic or a community organizer,

that these ideas are useful for everybody.

Again, it's useful to think about this analogy with language.

When you become fluent with reading and writing,

it's not something that you're doing

just to become a professional writer.

Very few people become professional writers.

But it's useful for everybody to learn how to read and write.

Again, the same thing with coding.

Most people won't grow up to become professional

computer scientists or programmers,

but those skills of thinking creatively,

reasoning systematically, working collaboratively --

skills you develop when you code in Scratch --

are things that people can use no matter what they're doing in their work lives.

And it's not just about your work life.

Coding can also enable you to

express your ideas and feelings in your personal life.

Let me end with just one more example.

So this is an example that came from

after I had sent the Mother's Day cards to my mom,

she decided that she wanted to learn Scratch.

So she made this project for my birthday

and sent me a happy birthday Scratch card.

Now this project is not going to win any prizes for design,

and you can rest assured that my 83-year-old mom

is not training to become a professional programmer or computer scientist.

But working on this project enabled her

to make a connection to someone that she cares about

and enabled her to keep on learning new things

and continuing to practice her creativity

and developing new ways of expressing herself.

So as we take a look and we see that

Michael Bloomberg is learning to code,

all of the children of Estonia learn to code,

even my mom has learned to code,

don't you think it's about time that you might be

thinking about learning to code?

If you're interested in giving it a try,

I'd encourage you to go to the Scratch website.

It's scratch.mit.edu,

and give a try at coding.

Thanks very much. (Applause)