How to pronounce "credence"

[Music]

I think a lot of people think this is

I think a lot of people think this is

I think a lot of people think this is actually what philosophy has come to the

actually what philosophy has come to the

actually what philosophy has come to the conclusion of after 2,000 years is that

conclusion of after 2,000 years is that

conclusion of after 2,000 years is that there's no such thing as the truth there

there's no such thing as the truth there

there's no such thing as the truth there are only different points of view and

are only different points of view and

are only different points of view and this is idea that there are you know

this is idea that there are you know

this is idea that there are you know huge number of different perspectives we

huge number of different perspectives we

huge number of different perspectives we come on days like these to hear them all

come on days like these to hear them all

come on days like these to hear them all and suggest that some are true and

and suggest that some are true and

and suggest that some are true and others are false some might be better

others are false some might be better

others are false some might be better than others is somehow elitist or

than others is somehow elitist or

than others is somehow elitist or dogmatic totalitarian whatever it might

dogmatic totalitarian whatever it might

dogmatic totalitarian whatever it might be pick your egalitarian insult of

be pick your egalitarian insult of

be pick your egalitarian insult of choice there's something kind of

choice there's something kind of

choice there's something kind of seductive about this idea it has a kind

seductive about this idea it has a kind

seductive about this idea it has a kind of the the air of a kind of democratic

of the the air of a kind of democratic

of the the air of a kind of democratic pluralism but I think it is ultimately

pluralism but I think it is ultimately

pluralism but I think it is ultimately an unsustainable one it leads if you

an unsustainable one it leads if you

an unsustainable one it leads if you take it too seriously or too literally

take it too seriously or too literally

take it too seriously or too literally to a kind of sloppy sludgy anything goes

to a kind of sloppy sludgy anything goes

to a kind of sloppy sludgy anything goes relativism and no one really believes

relativism and no one really believes

relativism and no one really believes that I mean if I ask to say to you now

that I mean if I ask to say to you now

that I mean if I ask to say to you now my belief is that you know the Ted

my belief is that you know the Ted

my belief is that you know the Ted organization is run by a load of

organization is run by a load of

organization is run by a load of Intergalactic lizards in a conspiracy or

Intergalactic lizards in a conspiracy or

Intergalactic lizards in a conspiracy or something actually there are some people

something actually there are some people

something actually there are some people who do believe that now you might say

who do believe that now you might say

who do believe that now you might say I'm entitled to my opinion but hopefully

I'm entitled to my opinion but hopefully

I'm entitled to my opinion but hopefully that doesn't mean you think this opinion

that doesn't mean you think this opinion

that doesn't mean you think this opinion is any good you know in saying that I

is any good you know in saying that I

is any good you know in saying that I respecting my right to believe what I do

respecting my right to believe what I do

respecting my right to believe what I do is really respecting my right to be

is really respecting my right to be

is really respecting my right to be Bonkers it's not really giving any

Bonkers it's not really giving any

Bonkers it's not really giving any Credence to the

Credence to the

Credence to the belief nonetheless I think there is

belief nonetheless I think there is

belief nonetheless I think there is something at the heart of this idea

something at the heart of this idea

something at the heart of this idea which is is is touching on it's getting

which is is is touching on it's getting

which is is is touching on it's getting right so it's not the case that there's

right so it's not the case that there's

right so it's not the case that there's no such thing as the truth there are

no such thing as the truth there are

no such thing as the truth there are only different points of view but it is

only different points of view but it is

only different points of view but it is the case that there are many different

the case that there are many different

the case that there are many different points of view and it's the sort of

points of view and it's the sort of

points of view and it's the sort of totality of the true such points of view

totality of the true such points of view

totality of the true such points of view which is the truth so the truth is

which is the truth so the truth is

which is the truth so the truth is nothing more than a collection of those

nothing more than a collection of those

nothing more than a collection of those things this idea is a a very simple one

things this idea is a a very simple one

things this idea is a a very simple one in lots of ways but it's often

in lots of ways but it's often

in lots of ways but it's often misunderstood misused and it's important

misunderstood misused and it's important

misunderstood misused and it's important for all sorts of things including how we

for all sorts of things including how we

for all sorts of things including how we view ourselves and I'll come to that

view ourselves and I'll come to that

view ourselves and I'll come to that later but first of all I just want to

later but first of all I just want to

later but first of all I just want to give a couple of examples

give a couple of examples

give a couple of examples of what happens when you get to Holden

of what happens when you get to Holden

of what happens when you get to Holden to one particular point of view now

to one particular point of view now

to one particular point of view now here's uh say two short examples this is

here's uh say two short examples this is

here's uh say two short examples this is a survey I did many years ago it's an

a survey I did many years ago it's an

a survey I did many years ago it's an online survey so it's self- selecting so

online survey so it's self- selecting so

online survey so it's self- selecting so it it's not really claiming to be

it it's not really claiming to be

it it's not really claiming to be representative of the population as a

representative of the population as a

representative of the population as a whole but nonetheless that wasn't what I

whole but nonetheless that wasn't what I

whole but nonetheless that wasn't what I was interested in I was interested in

was interested in I was interested in

was interested in I was interested in what we could look at if we took the

what we could look at if we took the

what we could look at if we took the people who answered and divided between

people who answered and divided between

people who answered and divided between them so I asked people what they

them so I asked people what they

them so I asked people what they complained about I gave them various

complained about I gave them various

complained about I gave them various options this was the top 10 they came up

options this was the top 10 they came up

options this was the top 10 they came up with now let's do the obvious thing

with now let's do the obvious thing

with now let's do the obvious thing let's see if it makes any difference

let's see if it makes any difference

let's see if it makes any difference whether it's male or female so the men

whether it's male or female so the men

whether it's male or female so the men they complained mainly about uh things

they complained mainly about uh things

they complained mainly about uh things like ineffective politicians and poor

like ineffective politicians and poor

like ineffective politicians and poor service and public transport when you

service and public transport when you

service and public transport when you asked women however significant

asked women however significant

asked women however significant differences tended to complain more

differences tended to complain more

differences tended to complain more about uh the cost of living and spouses

about uh the cost of living and spouses

about uh the cost of living and spouses partners and friends and and also

partners and friends and and also

partners and friends and and also weather F enough they complained a lot

weather F enough they complained a lot

weather F enough they complained a lot less about television I don't know what

less about television I don't know what

less about television I don't know what that tells you now there you go this is

that tells you now there you go this is

that tells you now there you go this is a fair straightforward thing it seems to

a fair straightforward thing it seems to

a fair straightforward thing it seems to show very significant gender differences

show very significant gender differences

show very significant gender differences aha boys will be boys girls will be

aha boys will be boys girls will be

aha boys will be boys girls will be girls Etc let's take another quick

girls Etc let's take another quick

girls Etc let's take another quick example this was something which was

example this was something which was

example this was something which was like an online thought experiment a

like an online thought experiment a

like an online thought experiment a colleague of mine like colleague of mine

colleague of mine like colleague of mine

colleague of mine like colleague of mine does this people go and they engage in

does this people go and they engage in

does this people go and they engage in these thought experiments he and he

these thought experiments he and he

these thought experiments he and he describ this are thousands of people

describ this are thousands of people

describ this are thousands of people have done this he describes to them a

have done this he describes to them a

have done this he describes to them a very particular situation a very

very particular situation a very

very particular situation a very particular scenario and asks people for

particular scenario and asks people for

particular scenario and asks people for their judgment in this particular

their judgment in this particular

their judgment in this particular scenario and in this situation he asked

scenario and in this situation he asked

scenario and in this situation he asked whether it was morally wrong to have sex

whether it was morally wrong to have sex

whether it was morally wrong to have sex in the situation where the partner will

in the situation where the partner will

in the situation where the partner will come to regret it or whether it morally

come to regret it or whether it morally

come to regret it or whether it morally wrong to have sex if the partner was

wrong to have sex if the partner was

wrong to have sex if the partner was intoxicated orbe it cogun and would not

intoxicated orbe it cogun and would not

intoxicated orbe it cogun and would not have had sex otherwise and lo and behold

have had sex otherwise and lo and behold

have had sex otherwise and lo and behold well this is what happens with the male

well this is what happens with the male

well this is what happens with the male answers 57% thought the first action

answers 57% thought the first action

answers 57% thought the first action would be wrong 71 the second and in the

would be wrong 71 the second and in the

would be wrong 71 the second and in the second case 68% of the women thought it

second case 68% of the women thought it

second case 68% of the women thought it was wrong at 80% now with the the large

was wrong at 80% now with the the large

was wrong at 80% now with the the large numbers of people taking part in this

numbers of people taking part in this

numbers of people taking part in this survey this is a very highly

survey this is a very highly

survey this is a very highly statistically significant difference

statistically significant difference

statistically significant difference okay now I'm not for today's purposes

okay now I'm not for today's purposes

okay now I'm not for today's purposes concerned with the validity or

concerned with the validity or

concerned with the validity or interpretation of these two particular

interpretation of these two particular

interpretation of these two particular examples I've given I mean they might be

examples I've given I mean they might be

examples I've given I mean they might be deeply flawed as experiments but that's

deeply flawed as experiments but that's

deeply flawed as experiments but that's not really the point we all know about

not really the point we all know about

not really the point we all know about this kind of thing there was lots of

this kind of thing there was lots of

this kind of thing there was lots of different studies done many of them much

different studies done many of them much

different studies done many of them much more scientific and rigorous than this

more scientific and rigorous than this

more scientific and rigorous than this which show these systematic differences

which show these systematic differences

which show these systematic differences in the Tendencies of responses and

in the Tendencies of responses and

in the Tendencies of responses and actions behaviors beliefs whatever of

actions behaviors beliefs whatever of

actions behaviors beliefs whatever of men and and women and a lot of people

men and and women and a lot of people

men and and women and a lot of people some people don't really like these

some people don't really like these

some people don't really like these results and they want to challenge them

results and they want to challenge them

results and they want to challenge them and the answer comes back well I'm sorry

and the answer comes back well I'm sorry

and the answer comes back well I'm sorry you know you can't just oppose this

you know you can't just oppose this

you know you can't just oppose this because you don't like it or you has an

because you don't like it or you has an

because you don't like it or you has an ideological objection facts are facts

ideological objection facts are facts

ideological objection facts are facts data's data you just got to live with it

data's data you just got to live with it

data's data you just got to live with it now to a certain extent that's actually

now to a certain extent that's actually

now to a certain extent that's actually right A lot of the time there is nothing

right A lot of the time there is nothing

right A lot of the time there is nothing wrong with the data although has to be

wrong with the data although has to be

wrong with the data although has to be said there is still quite a lot of dodgy

said there is still quite a lot of dodgy

said there is still quite a lot of dodgy data out there that doesn't mean there's

data out there that doesn't mean there's

data out there that doesn't mean there's no problem with this kind of thing the

no problem with this kind of thing the

no problem with this kind of thing the problem with this kind of thing though

problem with this kind of thing though

problem with this kind of thing though is not that it's saying anything false

is not that it's saying anything false

is not that it's saying anything false the data usually is perfectly sound the

the data usually is perfectly sound the

the data usually is perfectly sound the conclusions are sound the problem is

conclusions are sound the problem is

conclusions are sound the problem is that in each case what's happening is

that in each case what's happening is

that in each case what's happening is we're looking at only one small part of

we're looking at only one small part of

we're looking at only one small part of the picture and if you can't see how a

the picture and if you can't see how a

the picture and if you can't see how a part of the picture fits into the hole

part of the picture fits into the hole

part of the picture fits into the hole then you may as well be squinting at it

then you may as well be squinting at it

then you may as well be squinting at it no matter how clear that part appears to

no matter how clear that part appears to

no matter how clear that part appears to you so this is the sort of uh image I

you so this is the sort of uh image I

you so this is the sort of uh image I want to work with here it's the idea

want to work with here it's the idea

want to work with here it's the idea that and a familiar one I think that

that and a familiar one I think that

that and a familiar one I think that people will say we always look at the

people will say we always look at the

people will say we always look at the world through some kind of lens that's

world through some kind of lens that's

world through some kind of lens that's something we're used to hearing and

something we're used to hearing and

something we're used to hearing and sometimes people think well what that

sometimes people think well what that

sometimes people think well what that means is that we never really see the

means is that we never really see the

means is that we never really see the world as it is we always see the world

world as it is we always see the world

world as it is we always see the world distorted in some way I think that's the

distorted in some way I think that's the

distorted in some way I think that's the wrong way of reading that lens metaphor

wrong way of reading that lens metaphor

wrong way of reading that lens metaphor rather what happens when we look through

rather what happens when we look through

rather what happens when we look through a lens is if it's a good one is that it

a lens is if it's a good one is that it

a lens is if it's a good one is that it will bring something of the world into

will bring something of the world into

will bring something of the world into sh focus and make it clear to us but

sh focus and make it clear to us but

sh focus and make it clear to us but almost invariably it does so at the

almost invariably it does so at the

almost invariably it does so at the expense of other things which are either

expense of other things which are either

expense of other things which are either out of the frame alog together or

out of the frame alog together or

out of the frame alog together or blurred so I mean simple analogy here

blurred so I mean simple analogy here

blurred so I mean simple analogy here this is a picture of a keyboard and with

this is a picture of a keyboard and with

this is a picture of a keyboard and with the lens we're looking at here uh the

the lens we're looking at here uh the

the lens we're looking at here uh the foreground the the end of the piano here

foreground the the end of the piano here

foreground the the end of the piano here is in completely clear Focus but the

is in completely clear Focus but the

is in completely clear Focus but the rest is blurred you can then change the

rest is blurred you can then change the

rest is blurred you can then change the settings or change the focus different

settings or change the focus different

settings or change the focus different parts become into sharp focus and at the

parts become into sharp focus and at the

parts become into sharp focus and at the end It's The End which is in focus and

end It's The End which is in focus and

end It's The End which is in focus and the foreground which is blurred now in

the foreground which is blurred now in

the foreground which is blurred now in each case there isn't a distortion in

each case there isn't a distortion in

each case there isn't a distortion in the sense that that part of the picture

the sense that that part of the picture

the sense that that part of the picture which is being which is perfectly in

which is being which is perfectly in

which is being which is perfectly in focus is as it is there's no falsehood

focus is as it is there's no falsehood

focus is as it is there's no falsehood there the only way in which the image is

there the only way in which the image is

there the only way in which the image is misleading is that what it's not

misleading is that what it's not

misleading is that what it's not enabling us to see about other things so

enabling us to see about other things so

enabling us to see about other things so the metaphor the analogy should be quite

the metaphor the analogy should be quite

the metaphor the analogy should be quite clear if we think of the metaphorical

clear if we think of the metaphorical

clear if we think of the metaphorical lenses we look at the world where there

lenses we look at the world where there

lenses we look at the world where there are numerous of them one is on I give an

are numerous of them one is on I give an

are numerous of them one is on I give an example of looking at it through sex or

example of looking at it through sex or

example of looking at it through sex or gender now you look at the world through

gender now you look at the world through

gender now you look at the world through that lens lo and behold what do you see

that lens lo and behold what do you see

that lens lo and behold what do you see all sorts of very real differences

all sorts of very real differences

all sorts of very real differences between populations of men populations

between populations of men populations

between populations of men populations of women and those things are there they

of women and those things are there they

of women and those things are there they are real you're not being

are real you're not being

are real you're not being misled only to the extent that

misled only to the extent that

misled only to the extent that everything else is often if you if if

everything else is often if you if if

everything else is often if you if if you're not careful literally everything

you're not careful literally everything

you're not careful literally everything else is blurred or not coming into Focus

else is blurred or not coming into Focus

else is blurred or not coming into Focus you switch lens you look at something

you switch lens you look at something

you switch lens you look at something else like cash and lo and behold what do

else like cash and lo and behold what do

else like cash and lo and behold what do you find you find that the income of

you find you find that the income of

you find you find that the income of individuals and their wealth makes a

individuals and their wealth makes a

individuals and their wealth makes a huge difference to all sorts of things

huge difference to all sorts of things

huge difference to all sorts of things such as their educational outcome Health

such as their educational outcome Health

such as their educational outcome Health outcomes longevity reading habits all

outcomes longevity reading habits all

outcomes longevity reading habits all sorts of things and if you if you look

sorts of things and if you if you look

sorts of things and if you if you look at the world through that lens when

at the world through that lens when

at the world through that lens when everything through that lens is being

everything through that lens is being

everything through that lens is being brought into that Focus it's very easy

brought into that Focus it's very easy

brought into that Focus it's very easy to think wow you know money is money

to think wow you know money is money

to think wow you know money is money explains everything you know that's the

explains everything you know that's the

explains everything you know that's the the key to understanding the world just

the key to understanding the world just

the key to understanding the world just as obvious as it seems to people who

as obvious as it seems to people who

as obvious as it seems to people who were looking through the gender lens

were looking through the gender lens

were looking through the gender lens it's all about sex and gender there are

it's all about sex and gender there are

it's all about sex and gender there are lots and lots of other kind of uh lenses

lots and lots of other kind of uh lenses

lots and lots of other kind of uh lenses as well of course genes is is a big one

as well of course genes is is a big one

as well of course genes is is a big one and again if you look at the world

and again if you look at the world

and again if you look at the world through that lens it can easily seem to

through that lens it can easily seem to

through that lens it can easily seem to be the case that that really is the key

be the case that that really is the key

be the case that that really is the key to unlocking everything and I think it's

to unlocking everything and I think it's

to unlocking everything and I think it's actually telling how much we've kind of

actually telling how much we've kind of

actually telling how much we've kind of bought into this that um you know if if

bought into this that um you know if if

bought into this that um you know if if you have identical twins and one of them

you have identical twins and one of them

you have identical twins and one of them develops breast cancer people go how the

develops breast cancer people go how the

develops breast cancer people go how the hell can that happen they're identical

hell can that happen they're identical

hell can that happen they're identical twins right as though obviously being

twins right as though obviously being

twins right as though obviously being genetically identical there can't be any

genetically identical there can't be any

genetically identical there can't be any difference between them why why would

difference between them why why would

difference between them why why would anyone think that unless we become so

anyone think that unless we become so

anyone think that unless we become so fixated with that aspect of reality that

fixated with that aspect of reality that

fixated with that aspect of reality that genes put sharply into Focus that we

genes put sharply into Focus that we

genes put sharply into Focus that we forget that there are lots of other

forget that there are lots of other

forget that there are lots of other lenses for looking at the world which

lenses for looking at the world which

lenses for looking at the world which are extremely informative and we need to

are extremely informative and we need to

are extremely informative and we need to look at and one of them of course is

look at and one of them of course is

look at and one of them of course is culture sociologists and anthropologists

culture sociologists and anthropologists

culture sociologists and anthropologists look at that and the whole sort of

look at that and the whole sort of

look at that and the whole sort of rather tedious as it became nature

rather tedious as it became nature

rather tedious as it became nature nurture debate I think was probably

nurture debate I think was probably

nurture debate I think was probably largely a consequence of the fact that

largely a consequence of the fact that

largely a consequence of the fact that different researchers were seeing so

different researchers were seeing so

different researchers were seeing so clearly aspects of the truth either to

clearly aspects of the truth either to

clearly aspects of the truth either to do with genes or either to do with

do with genes or either to do with

do with genes or either to do with culture they just found it kind of hard

culture they just found it kind of hard

culture they just found it kind of hard to see how you needed both lenses to

to see how you needed both lenses to

to see how you needed both lenses to bring them together to get the whole

bring them together to get the whole

bring them together to get the whole picture and that's really what the the

picture and that's really what the the

picture and that's really what the the sort of simple idea I'm trying to get

sort of simple idea I'm trying to get

sort of simple idea I'm trying to get across here it's that it's only when you

across here it's that it's only when you

across here it's that it's only when you have a whole variety of lenses and you

have a whole variety of lenses and you

have a whole variety of lenses and you Avail yourself of all that they can

Avail yourself of all that they can

Avail yourself of all that they can capture that you can see the truth of a

capture that you can see the truth of a

capture that you can see the truth of a situation let's take a very very simple

situation let's take a very very simple

situation let's take a very very simple scene here this is a little picture of a

scene here this is a little picture of a

scene here this is a little picture of a Victorian woman in India now how do you

Victorian woman in India now how do you

Victorian woman in India now how do you understand the totality of what's going

understand the totality of what's going

understand the totality of what's going on here well you need to look through

on here well you need to look through

on here well you need to look through you need to keep seeing lots and lots of

you need to keep seeing lots and lots of

you need to keep seeing lots and lots of different lenses the gender lens there's

different lenses the gender lens there's

different lenses the gender lens there's a lot of research which suggests that

a lot of research which suggests that

a lot of research which suggests that women are actually more generous and

women are actually more generous and

women are actually more generous and caring the men this is not some just a

caring the men this is not some just a

caring the men this is not some just a stereotype there seems to be some truth

stereotype there seems to be some truth

stereotype there seems to be some truth to it so if you look through the gender

to it so if you look through the gender

to it so if you look through the gender lens that's perhaps what you will be

lens that's perhaps what you will be

lens that's perhaps what you will be attended to if you look at the class

attended to if you look at the class

attended to if you look at the class lens you might see it as this example of

lens you might see it as this example of

lens you might see it as this example of nobless obl this is the rich woman you

nobless obl this is the rich woman you

nobless obl this is the rich woman you know giving some of her leftovers to the

know giving some of her leftovers to the

know giving some of her leftovers to the impoverished powerless poor you look

impoverished powerless poor you look

impoverished powerless poor you look through a historical lens and you'll see

through a historical lens and you'll see

through a historical lens and you'll see this as being capturing something about

this as being capturing something about

this as being capturing something about a very particular point in history in

a very particular point in history in

a very particular point in history in which the white colonialists were

which the white colonialists were

which the white colonialists were lording it over the indigenous

lording it over the indigenous

lording it over the indigenous population look at it through a lens of

population look at it through a lens of

population look at it through a lens of social psychology and you might actually

social psychology and you might actually

social psychology and you might actually be interested in what are the particular

be interested in what are the particular

be interested in what are the particular aspects of this situation which leads

aspects of this situation which leads

aspects of this situation which leads leaves the woman to give whereas in

leaves the woman to give whereas in

leaves the woman to give whereas in other situations she wouldn't and they

other situations she wouldn't and they

other situations she wouldn't and they say it's actually you know forget about

say it's actually you know forget about

say it's actually you know forget about class history and so forth how generous

class history and so forth how generous

class history and so forth how generous people are depends on things like

people are depends on things like

people are depends on things like whether they're in a good mood whether

whether they're in a good mood whether

whether they're in a good mood whether they're in a hurry and whether or not

they're in a hurry and whether or not

they're in a hurry and whether or not they're being watched or perhaps in this

they're being watched or perhaps in this

they're being watched or perhaps in this case photographed look through the

case photographed look through the

case photographed look through the evolution lens you'll see this is some

evolution lens you'll see this is some

evolution lens you'll see this is some kind of byproduct of tip fortat

kind of byproduct of tip fortat

kind of byproduct of tip fortat cooperation which has taken on a life of

cooperation which has taken on a life of

cooperation which has taken on a life of its own you look through other lenses

its own you look through other lenses

its own you look through other lenses too um what about her belief system for

too um what about her belief system for

too um what about her belief system for a lot of people would say we're missing

a lot of people would say we're missing

a lot of people would say we're missing something obvious here this woman is a

something obvious here this woman is a

something obvious here this woman is a Christian uh she's following Christ's

Christian uh she's following Christ's

Christian uh she's following Christ's teaching he who ha two coats in one to

teaching he who ha two coats in one to

teaching he who ha two coats in one to he who have none uh if you're an

he who have none uh if you're an

he who have none uh if you're an Aristotelian philosopher you might say

Aristotelian philosopher you might say

Aristotelian philosopher you might say well let's look at this in terms of the

well let's look at this in terms of the

well let's look at this in terms of the the character and habits of the

the character and habits of the

the character and habits of the individuals involved and how that shapes

individuals involved and how that shapes

individuals involved and how that shapes certain virtues and if you a

certain virtues and if you a

certain virtues and if you a psychologist you might be looking at

psychologist you might be looking at

psychologist you might be looking at aspects of Personality which perhaps

aspects of Personality which perhaps

aspects of Personality which perhaps were there through childhood experience

were there through childhood experience

were there through childhood experience or we're born with now you see what's

or we're born with now you see what's

or we're born with now you see what's seems obvious once you step back and

seems obvious once you step back and

seems obvious once you step back and think about it is that each of these

think about it is that each of these

think about it is that each of these different lenses captures something of

different lenses captures something of

different lenses captures something of the truth you don't have to choose which

the truth you don't have to choose which

the truth you don't have to choose which one gives the accurate picture and no

one gives the accurate picture and no

one gives the accurate picture and no one by itself can give you the accurate

one by itself can give you the accurate

one by itself can give you the accurate picture you need to Avail yourself of

picture you need to Avail yourself of

picture you need to Avail yourself of all of them if you are to see how the

all of them if you are to see how the

all of them if you are to see how the whole truth comes together so go back to

whole truth comes together so go back to

whole truth comes together so go back to those studies I looked at at the

those studies I looked at at the

those studies I looked at at the beginning and you can see how this

beginning and you can see how this

beginning and you can see how this applies so this is a summary of the

applies so this is a summary of the

applies so this is a summary of the complaint

complaint

complaint research um and if there's a positive

research um and if there's a positive

research um and if there's a positive score more women complained about it

score more women complained about it

score more women complained about it it's a minor score more mended so we

it's a minor score more mended so we

it's a minor score more mended so we looked at that through the gender lens

looked at that through the gender lens

looked at that through the gender lens and and and we saw very clear difference

and and and we saw very clear difference

and and and we saw very clear difference okay let's switch lens for a second

okay let's switch lens for a second

okay let's switch lens for a second let's instead of looking at the gender

let's instead of looking at the gender

let's instead of looking at the gender lens have a look at the national culture

lens have a look at the national culture

lens have a look at the national culture lens what difference do it make If

lens what difference do it make If

lens what difference do it make If instead of dividing up the respondence

instead of dividing up the respondence

instead of dividing up the respondence between male and female you divide them

between male and female you divide them

between male and female you divide them up according to what country they came

up according to what country they came

up according to what country they came from lo and behold we see a very big

from lo and behold we see a very big

from lo and behold we see a very big difference there between the responses

difference there between the responses

difference there between the responses of people whether they were British or

of people whether they were British or

of people whether they were British or American and in fact the responses are

American and in fact the responses are

American and in fact the responses are greater uh on the basis of culture than

greater uh on the basis of culture than

greater uh on the basis of culture than they are of gender so the average

they are of gender so the average

they are of gender so the average difference in the responses of men and

difference in the responses of men and

difference in the responses of men and women was about nine percentage points

women was about nine percentage points

women was about nine percentage points between Americans and Britain's it was

between Americans and Britain's it was

between Americans and Britain's it was 12.9% so all the time we're getting

12.9% so all the time we're getting

12.9% so all the time we're getting fixated on the gender thing we might be

fixated on the gender thing we might be

fixated on the gender thing we might be missing the fact that yes we are seeing

missing the fact that yes we are seeing

missing the fact that yes we are seeing a real difference there's nothing false

a real difference there's nothing false

a real difference there's nothing false in the picture we're seeing but we have

in the picture we're seeing but we have

in the picture we're seeing but we have to see that in the context there are

to see that in the context there are

to see that in the context there are other things that make differences as

other things that make differences as

other things that make differences as well and in this case it actually seems

well and in this case it actually seems

well and in this case it actually seems the culture one makes more of a

the culture one makes more of a

the culture one makes more of a difference so when I looked at other

difference so when I looked at other

difference so when I looked at other data around this for example I found

data around this for example I found

data around this for example I found that uh the complaining pattern of a

that uh the complaining pattern of a

that uh the complaining pattern of a American woman was closer to that of an

American woman was closer to that of an

American woman was closer to that of an American man than it was to a British

American man than it was to a British

American man than it was to a British woman so you can get carried away that

woman so you can get carried away that

woman so you can get carried away that gender explains it all when you only

gender explains it all when you only

gender explains it all when you only look through that lens when you begin

look through that lens when you begin

look through that lens when you begin some other lenses and you see it's more

some other lenses and you see it's more

some other lenses and you see it's more complicated than that and this is only

complicated than that and this is only

complicated than that and this is only two lenses remember right we could look

two lenses remember right we could look

two lenses remember right we could look at other things too now if you go to

at other things too now if you go to

at other things too now if you go to this one here you don't even actually

this one here you don't even actually

this one here you don't even actually have to switch lens at all once you've

have to switch lens at all once you've

have to switch lens at all once you've got that idea in your head that certain

got that idea in your head that certain

got that idea in your head that certain things are brought into focus by certain

things are brought into focus by certain

things are brought into focus by certain ways of looking at the world all you

ways of looking at the world all you

ways of looking at the world all you need to be aware aware of is the danger

need to be aware aware of is the danger

need to be aware aware of is the danger of becoming fixated on whatever it is

of becoming fixated on whatever it is

of becoming fixated on whatever it is that is being put into focus by the

that is being put into focus by the

that is being put into focus by the explanatory frame you're looking at and

explanatory frame you're looking at and

explanatory frame you're looking at and in this case I think you just look at

in this case I think you just look at

in this case I think you just look at the data a second time and think well

the data a second time and think well

the data a second time and think well hang on a minute nine times out of 10

hang on a minute nine times out of 10

hang on a minute nine times out of 10 men and women are as likely to give the

men and women are as likely to give the

men and women are as likely to give the same answer as not so take the second

same answer as not so take the second

same answer as not so take the second example right in 71% of cases men 71% of

example right in 71% of cases men 71% of

example right in 71% of cases men 71% of men and women agreed that it was morally

men and women agreed that it was morally

men and women agreed that it was morally wrong 20% of men and women agreed that

wrong 20% of men and women agreed that

wrong 20% of men and women agreed that it was okay there was only 9% of the

it was okay there was only 9% of the

it was okay there was only 9% of the group where they

group where they

group where they disagreed so you it's very very

disagreed so you it's very very

disagreed so you it's very very important then to make sure that you can

important then to make sure that you can

important then to make sure that you can use the different lenses and see how

use the different lenses and see how

use the different lenses and see how they work now this is not just important

they work now this is not just important

they work now this is not just important for looking at the world it's important

for looking at the world it's important

for looking at the world it's important for looking at ourselves because the key

for looking at ourselves because the key

for looking at ourselves because the key point is that we as individuals are also

point is that we as individuals are also

point is that we as individuals are also a multiplicity of things that just as

a multiplicity of things that just as

a multiplicity of things that just as there are many truths about the world

there are many truths about the world

there are many truths about the world and different lenses and we bringing

and different lenses and we bringing

and different lenses and we bringing them into Focus so as individuals we

them into Focus so as individuals we

them into Focus so as individuals we have different aspects so this is a

have different aspects so this is a

have different aspects so this is a medieval gent here he looks into rather

medieval gent here he looks into rather

medieval gent here he looks into rather than a lens you can think of a mirror in

than a lens you can think of a mirror in

than a lens you can think of a mirror in the nationhood mirror he sees a Britain

the nationhood mirror he sees a Britain

the nationhood mirror he sees a Britain in a worldview mirror he sees a humanist

in a worldview mirror he sees a humanist

in a worldview mirror he sees a humanist in a political mirror he sees a

in a political mirror he sees a

in a political mirror he sees a socialist in the relationship mirror he

socialist in the relationship mirror he

socialist in the relationship mirror he sees a partner gender mirror a man in in

sees a partner gender mirror a man in in

sees a partner gender mirror a man in in a psychological profiling mirror we got

a psychological profiling mirror we got

a psychological profiling mirror we got to be careful of those some of those are

to be careful of those some of those are

to be careful of those some of those are like those circus crazy mirrors he's an

like those circus crazy mirrors he's an

like those circus crazy mirrors he's an introvert in his own mind perhaps he's a

introvert in his own mind perhaps he's a

introvert in his own mind perhaps he's a thinker and maybe professionally he's an

thinker and maybe professionally he's an

thinker and maybe professionally he's an artisan now all of these things

artisan now all of these things

artisan now all of these things capture something about who he is it's

capture something about who he is it's

capture something about who he is it's not the case that he has to discover his

not the case that he has to discover his

not the case that he has to discover his true self by deciding which of these

true self by deciding which of these

true self by deciding which of these identities is actually the core of his

identities is actually the core of his

identities is actually the core of his being and which is kind of a role he

being and which is kind of a role he

being and which is kind of a role he adopts or some mask he puts on it's

adopts or some mask he puts on it's

adopts or some mask he puts on it's rather that he is the totality of all

rather that he is the totality of all

rather that he is the totality of all these things and recognizing this

these things and recognizing this

these things and recognizing this plurality is actually quite important

plurality is actually quite important

plurality is actually quite important politically amaren has written very

politically amaren has written very

politically amaren has written very eloquently about this in identity and

eloquently about this in identity and

eloquently about this in identity and violence it's when we come to see each

violence it's when we come to see each

violence it's when we come to see each other and Define ourselves and each

other and Define ourselves and each

other and Define ourselves and each other in terms of just one or two core

other in terms of just one or two core

other in terms of just one or two core of identities particularly those around

of identities particularly those around

of identities particularly those around nationhood or religion that's when you

nationhood or religion that's when you

nationhood or religion that's when you get social division that's when you get

get social division that's when you get

get social division that's when you get all sorts of problems and it's only he

all sorts of problems and it's only he

all sorts of problems and it's only he says you the biggest hope for Harmony in

says you the biggest hope for Harmony in

says you the biggest hope for Harmony in humanity is that we come to see

humanity is that we come to see

humanity is that we come to see ourselves in these plural terms that's a

ourselves in these plural terms that's a

ourselves in these plural terms that's a way of coming to terms with all we are

way of coming to terms with all we are

way of coming to terms with all we are now that's that's all very well and all

now that's that's all very well and all

now that's that's all very well and all very true and I think that's good but in

very true and I think that's good but in

very true and I think that's good but in understanding who we are and the

understanding who we are and the

understanding who we are and the multiplicity of what we are it's the

multiplicity of what we are it's the

multiplicity of what we are it's the same as the truth about the world it

same as the truth about the world it

same as the truth about the world it can't be anything we want it to be we're

can't be anything we want it to be we're

can't be anything we want it to be we're not at Liberty just as we're not at

not at Liberty just as we're not at

not at Liberty just as we're not at Liberty to to say the truth is whatever

Liberty to to say the truth is whatever

Liberty to to say the truth is whatever I think it is so ourselves are not just

I think it is so ourselves are not just

I think it is so ourselves are not just what we say they are okay um there we

what we say they are okay um there we

what we say they are okay um there we can't just throw off or adopt aspects of

can't just throw off or adopt aspects of

can't just throw off or adopt aspects of self at will we can't just deny our

self at will we can't just deny our

self at will we can't just deny our background as though that were

background as though that were

background as though that were irrelevant we don't have to all we have

irrelevant we don't have to all we have

irrelevant we don't have to all we have to recognize is that's just one part of

to recognize is that's just one part of

to recognize is that's just one part of our identity it's not the whole thing

our identity it's not the whole thing

our identity it's not the whole thing nor can we simply become what we want to

nor can we simply become what we want to

nor can we simply become what we want to be overnight uh change our personalities

be overnight uh change our personalities

be overnight uh change our personalities acquire a talent or a SK skill but what

acquire a talent or a SK skill but what

acquire a talent or a SK skill but what we can do again is we can look at our

we can do again is we can look at our

we can do again is we can look at our different potentialities and aspects and

different potentialities and aspects and

different potentialities and aspects and look at those ones we want to develop

look at those ones we want to develop

look at those ones we want to develop and expand things that have potential

and expand things that have potential

and expand things that have potential and actually being able to do that I

and actually being able to do that I

and actually being able to do that I think part from anything makes us uh

think part from anything makes us uh

think part from anything makes us uh more resilient actually because when we

more resilient actually because when we

more resilient actually because when we come to see ourselves in terms of just

come to see ourselves in terms of just

come to see ourselves in terms of just one thing you know for example you know

one thing you know for example you know

one thing you know for example you know I'm I'm I'm I'm I'm a writer or I'm a

I'm I'm I'm I'm I'm a writer or I'm a

I'm I'm I'm I'm I'm a writer or I'm a mother or whatever it might be you're

mother or whatever it might be you're

mother or whatever it might be you're very vulnerable something happens in

very vulnerable something happens in

very vulnerable something happens in your life which challenges that Identity

your life which challenges that Identity

your life which challenges that Identity or left without a sense of identity so

or left without a sense of identity so

or left without a sense of identity so it's very important to recognize the

it's very important to recognize the

it's very important to recognize the plural of what you are for resilience so

plural of what you are for resilience so

plural of what you are for resilience so just to wrap up really it's quite a

just to wrap up really it's quite a

just to wrap up really it's quite a simple idea really I'm trying to get at

simple idea really I'm trying to get at

simple idea really I'm trying to get at here just as it's not the case that

here just as it's not the case that

here just as it's not the case that there is no truth there are only

there is no truth there are only

there is no truth there are only different points of view the sort of

different points of view the sort of

different points of view the sort of Cory of that view in terms of ourselves

Cory of that view in terms of ourselves

Cory of that view in terms of ourselves is what you often hear people say which

is what you often hear people say which

is what you often hear people say which is you can be anything you want to be I

is you can be anything you want to be I

is you can be anything you want to be I don't think that's true right you you

don't think that's true right you you

don't think that's true right you you can no more be what you want to be than

can no more be what you want to be than

can no more be what you want to be than the truth can be whatever you want it to

the truth can be whatever you want it to

the truth can be whatever you want it to be you can't be anything you want to be

be you can't be anything you want to be

be you can't be anything you want to be but that doesn't matter matter because

but that doesn't matter matter because

but that doesn't matter matter because you can be many things you want to be

you can be many things you want to be

you can be many things you want to be and the way to be the many things you

and the way to be the many things you

and the way to be the many things you want to be is often simply just to pay

want to be is often simply just to pay

want to be is often simply just to pay more attention to the many things that

more attention to the many things that

more attention to the many things that you already are thanks very much

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