How to pronounce "corrective"

Our face is hugely important

because it's the external, visual part

that everybody else sees.

Let's not forget it's a functional entity.

We have strong skull bones

that protect the most important organ in our body: the brain.

It's where our senses are located, our special senses --

our vision, our speech,

our hearing, our smell, our taste.

And this bone

is peppered, as you can see, with the light shining through the skull

with cavities, the sinuses,

which warm and moisten the air we breathe.

But also imagine if they were filled with solid bone --

our head would be dead weight,

we wouldn't be able to hold it erect,

we wouldn't be able to look at the world around us.

This woman is slowly dying

because the benign tumors in her facial bones

have completely obliterated her mouth and her nose

so she can't breathe and eat.

Attached to the facial bones

that define our face's structure

are the muscles that deliver our facial expression,

our universal language of expression,

our social-signaling system.

And overlying this is the skin drape,

which is a hugely complex

three-dimensional structure --

taking right-angled bends here and there,

having thin areas like the eyelids,

thick areas like the cheek, different colors.

And then we have the sensual factor of the face.

Where do we like to kiss people?

On the lips. Nibble the ears maybe.

It's the face where we're attracted to with that.

But let's not forget the hair.

You're looking at the image on your left-hand side --

that's my son with his eyebrows present.

Look how odd he looks with the eyebrows missing.

There's a definite difference.

And imagine if he had hair sprouting from the middle of his nose,

he'd look even odder still.

Dysmorphophobia

is an extreme version

of the fact that we don't see ourselves

as others see us.

It's a shocking truth

that we only see mirror images of ourselves,

and we only see ourselves

in freeze-frame photographic images

that capture a mere fraction of the time that we live.

Dysmorphophobia

is a perversion of this

where people who may be very good looking

regard themselves as hideously ugly

and are constantly seeking surgery

to correct their facial appearance.

They don't need this. They need psychiatric help.

Max has kindly donated his photograph to me.

He doesn't have dysmorphophobia, but I'm using his photograph

to illustrate the fact that he looks exactly like a dysmorphophobic.

In other words, he looks entirely normal.

Age is another thing

when our attitude toward our appearance changes.

So children judge themselves, learn to judge themselves,

by the behavior of adults around them.

Here's a classic example: Rebecca has a benign blood vessel tumor

that's growing out through her skull, has obliterated her nose,

and she's having difficulty seeing.

As you can see, it's blocking her vision.

She's also in danger, when she damages this,

of bleeding profusely.

Our research has shown

that the parents and close loved ones of these children

adore them.

They've grown used to their face; they think they're special.

Actually, sometimes the parents argue

about whether these children should have the lesion removed.

And occasionally they suffer intense grief reactions

because the child they've grown to love

has changed so dramatically and they don't recognize them.

But other adults

say incredibly painful things.

They say, "How dare you take this child out of the house

and terrify other people.

Shouldn't you be doing something about this? Why haven't you had it removed?"

And other children in curiosity come up and poke the lesion,

because -- a natural curiosity.

And that obviously alerts the child

to their unusual nature.

After surgery, everything normalizes.

The adults behave more naturally,

and the children play more readily with other children.

As teenagers --

just think back to your teenage years --

we're going through a dramatic

and often disproportionate change

in our facial appearance.

We're trying to struggle to find our identity.

We crave the approval of our peers.

So our facial appearance is vital to us

as we're trying to project ourselves to the world.

Just remember that single acne spot

that crippled you for several days.

How long did you spend looking in the mirror every day,

practicing your sardonic look, practicing your serious look,

trying to look like Sean Connery, as I did,

trying to raise one eyebrow?

It's a crippling time.

I've chosen to show this profile view of Sue

because what it shows is her lower jaw jutting forward

and her lower lip jutting forward.

I'd like you all in the audience now to push your lower jaw forward.

Turn to the person next to you,

push your lower jaws forward. Turn to the person next to you

and look at them -- they look miserable.

That's exactly what people used to say to Sue.

She wasn't miserable at all.

But people used to say to her, "Why are you so miserable?"

People were making misjudgments all the time

on her mood.

Teachers and peers were underestimating her; she was teased at school.

So she chose to have facial surgery.

After the facial surgery,

she said, "My face now reflects my personality.

People know now that I'm enthusiastic,

that I'm a happy person."

And that's the change that can be achieved for teenagers.

Is this change, though, a real change,

or is it a figment of the imagination

of the patient themselves?

Well we studied teenagers' attitudes

to photographs of patients having this corrective facial surgery.

And what we found was --

we jumbled up the photographs

so they couldn't recognize the before and after --

what we found was that the patients were regarded

as being more attractive after the surgery.

Well that's not surprising, but we also asked them to judge them

on honesty, intelligence,

friendliness, violence.

They were all perceived as being

less than normal in all those characteristics --

more violent, etc. -- before the surgery.

After the surgery,

they were perceived as being more intelligent,

more friendly, more honest, less violent --

and yet we hadn't operated on their intellect

or their character.

When people get older,

they don't necessarily choose to follow this kind of surgery.

Their presence in the consultation suite

is a result of the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune.

What happens to them

is that they may have suffered cancer or trauma.

So this is a photograph of Henry,

two weeks after he had a malignant cancer removed

from the left side of his face -- his cheekbone,

his upper jaw, his eye-socket.

He looks pretty good at this stage.

But over the course of the next 15 years he had 14 more operations,

as the disease ravaged his face

and destroyed my reconstruction regularly.

I learned a huge amount from Henry.

Henry taught me

that you can carry on working.

He worked as an advocate. He continued to play cricket.

He enjoyed life to the full,

and this was probably because he had a successful, fulfilling job

and a caring family

and was able to participate socially.

He maintained a calm insouciance.

I don't say he overcame this; he didn't overcome it.

This was something more than that. He ignored it.

He ignored the disfigurement that was happening in his life

and carried on oblivious to it.

And that's what these people can do.

Henriapi illustrates this phenomenon as well.

This is a man in his 20s

whose first visit out of Nigeria was with this malignant cancer

that he came to the United Kingdom to have operated on.

It was my longest operation.

It took 23 hours. I did it with my neurosurgeon.

We removed all the bones at the right side of his face --

his eye, his nose,

the skull bones, the facial skin --

and reconstructed him with tissue from the back.

He continued to work as a psychiatric nurse.

He got married. He had a son called Jeremiah.

And again, he said,

"This painting of me with my son Jeremiah

shows me as the successful man that I feel that I am."

His facial disfigurement

did not affect him

because he had the support of a family;

he had a successful, fulfilling job.

So we've seen that we can change people's faces.

But when we change people's faces,

are we changing their identity --

for better or for worse?

For instance,

there are two different types of facial surgery.

We can categorize it like that.

We can say there are patients who choose to have facial surgery --

like Sue.

When they have facial surgery,

they feel their lives have changed

because other people perceive them

as better people.

They don't feel different.

They feel that they've actually gained

what they never had,

that their face now reflects their personality.

And actually that's probably the difference between cosmetic surgery

and this kind of surgery.

Because you might say, "Well, this type of surgery

might be regarded as cosmetic."

If you do cosmetic surgery, patients are often less happy.

They're trying to achieve difference in their lives.

Sue wasn't trying to achieve difference in her life.

She was just trying to achieve the face

that matched her personality.

But then we have other people

who don't choose to have facial surgery.

They're people who have their face shot off.

I'll move it off, and we'll have a blank slide for those who are squeamish amongst you.

They have it forced upon them.

And again, as I told you,

if they have a caring family

and good work life,

then they can lead normal and fulfilled lives.

Their identity doesn't change.

Is this business

about appearance and preoccupation with it

a Western phenomenon?

Muzetta's family give the lie to this.

This is a little Bangladeshi girl from the east end of London

who's got a huge malignant tumor on the right side of her face,

which has already made her blind

and which is rapidly growing and is going to kill her shortly.

After she had surgery to remove the tumor,

her parents dressed her in this beautiful green velvet dress,

a pink ribbon in her hair,

and they wanted the painting to be shown around the world,

despite the fact that they were orthodox Muslims

and the mother wore a full burqa.

So it's not simply a Western phenomenon.

We make judgments on people's faces

all the time.

It's been going on since we can think of Lombroso

and the way he would define criminal faces.

He said you could see criminal faces,

judging them just on the photographs that were showed.

Good-looking people

are always judged as being more friendly.

We look at O.J. --

he's a good-looking guy.

We'd like to spend time with him. He looks friendly.

Now we know that he's a convicted wife-batterer,

and actually he's not the good guy.

And beauty doesn't equate to goodness,

and certainly doesn't equate to contentment.

So we've talked about the static face

and judging the static face,

but actually, we're more comfortable

with judging the moving face.

We think we can judge people on their expressions.

U.K. jurors in the U.K. justice system

like to see a live witness

to see whether they can pick up the telltale signs of mendacity --

the blink, the hesitation.

And so they want to see live witnesses.

Todorov tells us that, in a tenth of a second,

we can make a judgment on somebody's face.

Are we uncomfortable with this image? Yes, we are.

Would we be happy if our doctor's face, our lawyer's face,

our financial adviser's face was covered?

We'd be pretty uncomfortable.

But are we good at making the judgments

on facial appearance and movement?

The truth is that there's a five-minute rule,

not the tenth-of-a-second rule like Todorov, but a five-minute rule.

If you spend five minutes with somebody,

you start looking beyond their facial appearance,

and the people who you're initially attracted to

may seem boring and you lose interest in them,

and the people who you didn't immediately seek out,

because you didn't find them particularly attractive,

become attractive people

because of their personality.

So we've talked a lot about facial appearance.

I now want to share

a little bit of the surgery that we do --

where we're at and where we're going.

This is an image of Ann

who's had her right jaw removed and the base of her skull removed.

And you can see in the images afterward,

we've managed to reconstruct her successfully.

But that's not good enough.

This is what Ann wants. She wants to be out kayaking,

she wants to be out climbing mountains.

And that's what she achieved, and that's what we have to get to.

This is a horrific image,

so I'm putting my hand up now.

This is a photograph of Adi,

a Nigerian bank manager who had his face shot off

in an armed robbery.

And he lost his lower jaw, his lip, his chin

and his upper jaw and teeth.

This is the bar that he set for us.

"I want to look like this. This is how I looked before."

So with modern technology,

we used computers to make models.

We made a model of the jaw without bone in it.

We then bent a plate up to it.

We put it in place

so we knew it was an accurate position.

We then put bone and tissue from the back.

Here you can see the plate holding it,

and you can see the implants being put in --

so that in one operation

we achieve this

and this.

So the patient's life is restored.

That's the good news.

However, his chin skin

doesn't look the same as it did before.

It's skin from his back.

It's thicker, it's darker, it's coarser, it doesn't have the contours.

And that's where we're failing,

and that's where we need the face transplant.

The face transplant has a role

probably in burns patients to replace the skin.

We can replace the underlying skeletal structure,

but we're still not good at replacing the facial skin.

So it's very valuable

to have that tool in our armamentarium.

But the patients are going to have to take drugs

that suppress their immune system for the rest of their lives.

What does that mean?

They have an increased risk of infection, an increased risk of malignancy.

This is not a life-saving transplant --

like a heart, or liver, or lung transplant --

it is a quality-of-life transplant,

and as a result,

are the patients going to say, if they get a malignant cancer 10 or 15 years on,

"I wish I'd had conventional reconstructive techniques rather than this

because I'm now dying of a malignant cancer"? We don't know yet.

We also don't know what they feel

about recognition and identity.

Bernard Devauchelle and Sylvie Testelin, who did the first operation,

are studying that.

Donors are going to be short on the ground,

because how many people want to have their loved one's face

removed at the point of death?

So there are going to be problems

with face transplantation.

So the better news is

the future's almost here --

and the future is tissue engineering.

Just imagine,

I can make a biologically-degradable template.

I can put it in place where it's meant to be.

I can sprinkle a few cells,

stem cells from the patient's own hip,

a little bit of genetically engineered protein,

and lo and behold, leave it for four months and the face is grown.

This is a bit like a Julia Child recipe.

But we've still got problems.

We've got mouth cancer to solve.

We're still not curing enough patients -- it's the most disfiguring cancer.

We're still not reconstructing them well enough.

In the U.K. we have an epidemic

of facial injuries among young people.

We still can't get rid of scars.

We need to do research.

And the best news of all

is that surgeons know

that we need to do research.

And we've set up charities

that will help us fund

the clinical research

to determine the best treatment practice now

and better treatment into the future,

so we don't just sit on our laurels and say, "Okay, we're doing okay.

Let's leave it as it is."

Thank you very much indeed.

(Applause)