How to pronounce "compostable"

A few years ago, I found myself

looking for the most cost-effective way to be stylish.

So naturally, I wound up at my local thrift store,

a wonderland of other people's trash

that was ripe to be plucked to become my treasure.

Now, I wasn't just looking for your average

off-the-secondhand-rack vintage T-shirt to wear.

For me, real style lives at the intersection of design

and individuality.

So to make sure that I was getting the most out of the things I was finding,

I bought a sewing machine

so I could tailor the 90's-style garments that I was finding,

to fit a more contemporary aesthetic.

I've been tailoring and making my own clothes from scratch ever since,

so everything in my closet is uniquely my own.

But as I was sorting through the endless racks of clothes at these thrift stores,

I started to ask myself,

what happens to all the clothes that I don't buy?

The stuff that isn't really cool or trendy

but kind of just sits there and rots away at these secondhand stores.

I work in the fashion industry on the wholesale side,

and I started to see some of the products that we sell

end up on the racks of these thrift stores.

So the question started to work its way into my work life, as well.

I did some research

and I pretty quickly found a very scary supply chain

that led me to some pretty troubling realities.

It turned out that the clothes I was sorting though

at these thrift stores

represented only a small fraction of the total amount of garments

that we dispose of each year.

In the US, only 15 percent of the total textile and garment waste

that's generated each year

ends up being donated or recycled in some way,

which means that the other 85 percent of textile and garment waste

end up in landfills every year.

Now, I want to put this into perspective,

because I don't quite think

that the 85 percent does the problem justice.

This means that almost 13 million tons of clothing and textile waste

end up in landfills every year in just the United States alone.

This averages out to be roughly 200 T-shirts per person

ending up in the garbage.

In Canada, we throw away enough clothing

to fill the largest stadium in my home town of Toronto,

one that seats 60,000 people,

with a mountain of clothes three times the size of that stadium.

Now, even with this,

I still think that Canadians are the more polite North Americans,

so don't hold it against us.

(Laughter)

What was even more surprising was seeing that the fashion industry

is the second-largest polluter in the world

behind the oil and gas industry.

This is an important comparison to make.

I don't want to defend the oil and gas industry

but I'd be lying if I said I was surprised to hear they were the number one polluter.

I just assumed, fairly or not, that that's an industry

that doesn't really mind sticking to the status quo.

One where the technology doesn't really change

and the focus is more so on driving profitability

at the expense of a sustainable future.

But I was really surprised to see that the fashion industry was number two.

Because maintaining that status quo

is the opposite of what the fashion industry stands for.

The unfortunate reality is,

not only do we waste a lot of the things we do consume,

but we also use a lot to produce the clothes that we buy each year.

On average, a household's purchase of clothing per year

requires 1,000 bathtubs of water to produce.

A thousand bathtubs of water per household, per year.

That's a lot of water.

It seems that the industry that always has been

and probably always will be on the forefront of design,

creates products that are designed to be comfortable, designed to be trendy

and designed to be expressive

but aren't really designed to be sustainable

or recyclable for that matter.

But I think that can change.

I think the fashion industry's aptitude for change

is the exact thing that should make it

patient zero for sustainable business practices.

And I think to get started, all we have to do

is start to design clothes to be recyclable at the end of their life.

Now, designing recyclable clothing

is definitely something to leave to the professionals.

But as a 24-year-old thrift store aficionado

armed with a sewing machine,

if I were to very humbly posit one perspective,

it would be to approach clothing design kind of like building with Lego.

When we put together a brick of Lego,

it's very strong but very easily manipulated.

It's modular in its nature.

Clothing design as it stands today is very rarely modular.

Take this motorcycle jacket as an example.

It's a pretty standard jacket with its buttons, zippers and trim.

But in order for us to efficiently recycle a jacket like this,

we need to be able to easily remove these items

and quickly get down to just the fabric.

Once we have just the fabric,

we're able to break it down by shredding it

and getting back to thread level,

make new thread that then gets made into new fabric

and ultimately new clothing,

whether it be a new jacket or new T-shirts, for example.

But the complexity lies with all of these extra items,

the buttons, the zippers and the trim.

Because in reality, these items are actually quite difficult to remove.

So in many cases it requires more time or more money

to disassemble a jacket like this.

In some cases, it's just more cost-effective to throw it away

rather than recycle it.

But I think this can change if we design clothes in a modular way

to be easily disassembled at the end of their lives.

We could redesign this jacket to have a hidden wireframe,

kind of like the skeleton of a fish, that holds all important items together.

This invisible fish-bone structure can have all of these extra items,

the zippers and the buttons and the trim,

sewn into it and then attached to the fabric.

So at the end of the jacket's life,

all you have to do is remove its fish bone

and the fabric comes with it

a lot quicker and a lot easier than before.

Now, recycling clothing is definitely one piece of the puzzle.

But if we want to take

fixing the environmental impact that the fashion industry has

more seriously,

then we need to take this to the next step and start to design clothes

to also be compostable at the end of their lives.

For most of the types of clothes we have in our closet

the average lifespan is about three years.

Now, I'm sure there's many of us that have gems in our drawers

that are much older than that, which is great.

Because being able to extend the life of a garment by even only nine months

reduces the waste and water impact that that garment has

by 20 to 30 percent.

But fashion is fashion.

Which means that styles are always going to change

and you're probably going to be wearing something different than you were today

eight seasons from now,

no matter how environmentally friendly you want to be.

But lucky for us, there are some items that never go out of style.

I'm talking about your basics -- your socks, underwear, even your pajamas.

We're all guilty of wearing these items right down to the bone,

and in many cases throwing them in the garbage

because it's really difficult

to donate your old ratty socks that have holes in them

to your local thrift store.

But what if we were able to compost these items

rather than throw them in the trash bin?

The environmental savings could be huge,

and all we would have to do is start to shift more of our resources

to start to produce more of these items using more natural fibers,

like 100 percent organic cotton.

Now, recycling and composting are two critical priorities.

But one other thing that we have to rethink

is the way that we dye our clothes.

Currently, 10 to 20 percent of the harsh chemical dye that we use

end up in water bodies that neighbor production hubs in developing nations.

The tricky thing is that these harsh chemicals

are really effective at keeping a garment a specific color

for a long period of time.

It's these harsh chemicals that keep that bright red dress

bright red for so many years.

But what if we were able to use something different?

What if we were able to use something

that we all have in our kitchen cabinets at home

to dye our clothes?

What if we were able to use spices and herbs to dye our clothes?

There's countless food options that would allow for us to stain material,

but these stains change color over time.

This would be pretty different than the clothes that were dyed harshly

with chemicals that we're used to.

But dyeing clothes naturally this way would allow for us

to make sure they're more unique and environmentally friendlier.

Let's think about it.

Fashion today is all about individuality.

It's about managing your own personal appearance

to be just unique enough to be cool.

These days, everybody has the ability to showcase their brand

their personal style,

across the world, through social media.

The pocket-sized billboards

that we flick through on our Instagram feeds

are chock-full of models and taste-makers

that are showcasing their individuality

through their personal microbrands.

But what could be more personalized, more unique,

than clothes that change color over time?

Clothes that with each wash and with each wear

become more and more one of a kind.

People have been buying and wearing ripped jeans for years.

So this would just be another example of clothes that exist in our wardrobe

that evolve with us over our lives.

This shirt, for example, is one that,

much to the dismay of my mother and the state of her kitchen,

I dyed at home, using turmeric, before coming here today.

This shirt is something

that none of my friends are going to have on their Instagram feed.

So it's unique,

but more importantly, it's naturally dyed.

Now, I'm not suggesting

that everybody dye their clothes in their kitchen sink at home.

But if we were able to apply this

or a similar process on a commercial scale,

then our need to rely on these harsh chemical dyes for our clothes

could be easily reduced.

The 2.4-trillion-dollar fashion industry is fiercely competitive.

So the business that can provide a product at scale

while also promising its customers

that each and every garment will become more unique over time

will have a serious competitive advantage.

Brands have been playing with customization for years.

The rise of e-commerce services,

like Indochino, a bespoke suiting platform,

and Tinker Tailor, a bespoke dress-making platform,

have made customization possible from your couch.

Nike and Adidas have been mastering their online shoe customization platforms

for years.

Providing individuality at scale

is a challenge that most consumer-facing businesses encounter.

So being able to tackle this

while also providing an environmentally friendly product

could lead to a pretty seismic industry shift.

And at that point,

it's not just about doing what's best for our environment

but also what's best for the bottom line.

There's no fix-all, and there's no one-step solution.

But we can get started

by designing clothes with their death in mind.

The fashion industry is the perfect industry

to experiment with and embrace change

that can one day get us to the sustainable future

we so desperately need.

Thank you.

(Applause)