How to pronounce "cath"

One out of two of you women

will be impacted by cardiovascular disease

in your lifetime.

So this is the leading killer of women.

It's a closely held secret

for reasons I don't know.

In addition to making this personal --

so we're going to talk about your relationship with your heart

and all women's relationship with their heart --

we're going to wax into the politics.

Because the personal, as you know, is political.

And not enough is being done about this.

And as we have watched women

conquer breast cancer

through the breast cancer campaign,

this is what we need to do now with heart.

Since 1984,

more women die in the U.S. than men.

So where we used to think of heart disease

as being a man's problem primarily --

which that was never true,

but that was kind of how everybody thought in the 1950s and '60s,

and it was in all the textbooks.

It's certainly what I learned when I was training.

If we were to remain sexist, and that was not right,

but if we were going to go forward and be sexist,

it's actually a woman's disease.

So it's a woman's disease now.

And one of the things that you see

is that male line,

the mortality is going down, down, down, down, down.

And you see the female line since 1984,

the gap is widening.

More and more women, two, three, four times more women,

dying of heart disease than men.

And that's too short of a time period

for all the different risk factors that we know

to change.

So what this really suggested to us

at the national level

was that diagnostic and therapeutic strategies,

which had been developed in men, by men, for men

for the last 50 years --

and they work pretty well in men, don't they? --

weren't working so well for women.

So that was a big wake-up call

in the 1980's.

Heart disease kills more women

at all ages

than breast cancer.

And the breast cancer campaign --

again, this is not a competition.

We're trying to be as good as the breast cancer campaign.

We need to be as good as the breast cancer campaign

to address this crisis.

Now sometimes when people see this,

I hear this gasp.

We can all think of someone,

often a young woman,

who has been impacted by breast cancer.

We often can't think of a young woman

who has heart disease.

I'm going to tell you why.

Heart disease kills people,

often very quickly.

So the first time heart disease strikes in women and men,

half of the time it's sudden cardiac death --

no opportunity to say good-bye,

no opportunity to take her to the chemotherapy,

no opportunity to help her pick out a wig.

Breast cancer,

mortality is down to four percent.

And that is the 40 years

that women have advocated.

Betty Ford, Nancy Reagan stood up

and said, "I'm a breast cancer survivor,"

and it was okay to talk about it.

And then physicians have gone to bat.

We've done the research.

We have effective therapies now.

Women are living longer than ever.

That has to happen in heart disease, and it's time.

It's not happening, and it's time.

We owe an incredible debt of gratitude

to these two women.

As Barbara depicted

in one of her amazing movies, "Yentl,"

she portrayed a young woman

who wanted an education.

And she wanted to study the Talmud.

And so how did she get educated then?

She had to impersonate a man.

She had to look like a man.

She had to make other people believe that she looked like a man

and she could have the same rights

that the men had.

Bernadine Healy, Dr. Healy,

was a cardiologist.

And right around that time, in the 1980's,

that we saw women and heart disease deaths

going up, up, up, up, up,

she wrote an editorial

in the New England Journal of Medicine

and said, the Yentl syndrome.

Women are dying of heart disease,

two, three, four times more than men.

Mortality is not going down, it's going up.

And she questioned,

she hypothesized,

is this a Yentl syndrome?

And here's what the story is.

Is it because women don't look like men,

they don't look like that male-pattern heart disease

that we've spent the last 50 years understanding

and getting really good diagnostics

and really good therapeutics,

and therefore, they're not recognized for their heart disease.

And they're just passed.

They don't get treated, they don't get detected,

they don't get the benefit of all the modern medicines.

Doctor Healy then subsequently became

the first female director

of our National Institutes of Health.

And this is the biggest biomedical enterprise research

in the world.

And it funds a lot of my research.

It funds research all over the place.

It was a very big deal

for her to become director.

And she started,

in the face of a lot of controversy,

the Women's Health Initiative.

And every woman in the room here

has benefited from that Women's Health Initiative.

It told us about hormone replacement therapy.

It's informed us about osteoporosis.

It informed us about breast cancer, colon cancer in women.

So a tremendous fund of knowledge

despite, again,

that so many people told her not to do it,

it was too expensive.

And the under-reading was women aren't worth it.

She was like, "Nope. Sorry. Women are worth it."

Well there was a little piece of that Women's Health Initiative

that went to National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,

which is the cardiology part of the NIH.

And we got to do the WISE study --

and the WISE stands for Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation --

and I have chaired this study for the last 15 years.

It was a study to specifically ask,

what's going on with women?

Why are more and more women dying

of ischemic heart disease?

So in the WISE, 15 years ago,

we started out and said, "Well wow, there's a couple of key observations

and we should probably follow up on that."

And our colleagues in Washington, D.C.

had recently published

that when women have heart attacks and die,

compared to men who have heart attacks and die --

and again, this is millions of people,

happening every day --

women, in their fatty plaque --

and this is their coronary artery,

so the main blood supply going into the heart muscle --

women erode,

men explode.

You're going to find some interesting analogies

in this physiology.

(Laughter)

So I'll describe the male-pattern heart attack first.

Hollywood heart attack. Ughhhh.

Horrible chest pain.

EKG goes pbbrrhh,

so the doctors can see this hugely abnormal EKG.

There's a big clot in the middle of the artery.

And they go up to the cath lab

and boom, boom, boom get rid of the clot.

That's a man heart attack.

Some women have those heart attacks,

but a whole bunch of women have this kind of heart attack,

where it erodes,

doesn't completely fill with clot, symptoms are subtle,

EKG findings are different --

female-pattern.

So what do you think happens to these gals?

They're often not recognized, sent home.

I'm not sure what it was. Might have been gas.

So we picked up on that

and we said, "You know, we now have the ability

to look inside human beings

with these special catheters called IVUS:

intravascular ultrasound."

And we said, "We're going to hypothesize

that the fatty plaque in women

is actually probably different,

and deposited differently, than men."

And because of the common knowledge

of how women and men get fat.

When we watch people become obese,

where do men get fat?

Right here, it's just a focal -- right there.

Where do women get fat?

All over.

Cellulite here, cellulite here.

So we said, "Look, women look like they're pretty good

about putting kind of the garbage away,

smoothly putting it away.

Men just have to dump it in a single area."

So we said, "Let's look at these."

And so the yellow is the fatty plaque,

and panel A is a man.

And you can see, it's lumpy bumpy.

He's got a beer belly in his coronary arteries.

Panel B is the woman, very smooth.

She's just laid it down nice and tidy.

(Laughter)

And if you did that angiogram,

which is the red,

you can see the man's disease.

So 50 years

of honing and crafting these angiograms,

we easily recognize

male-pattern disease.

Kind of hard to see that female-pattern disease.

So that was a discovery.

Now what are the implications of that?

Well once again, women get the angiogram

and nobody can tell that they have a problem.

So we are working now on a non-invasive --

again, these are all invasive studies.

Ideally you would love to do all this non-invasively.

And again, 50 years

of good non-invasive stress testing,

we're pretty good at recognizing male-pattern disease

with stress tests.

So this is cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

We're doing this at the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute

in the Women's Heart Center.

We selected this for the research.

This is not in your community hospital,

but we would hope to translate this.

And we're about two and a half years

into a five-year study.

This was the only modality

that can see the inner lining of the heart.

And if you look carefully, you can see

that there's a black blush right there.

And that is microvascular obstruction.

The syndrome, the female-pattern

now is called microvascular coronary dysfunction, or obstruction.

The second reason we really liked MRI

is that there's no radiation.

So unlike the CAT scans, X-rays, thalliums,

for women

whose breast is in the way

of looking at the heart,

every time we order something that has even a small amount of radiation,

we say, "Do we really need that test?"

So we're very excited about M.R.

You can't go and order it yet,

but this is an area of active inquiry

where actually studying women

is going to advance the field for women and men.

What are the downstream consequences

then, when female-pattern heart disease

is not recognized?

This is a figure

from an editorial that I published

in the European Heart Journal this last summer.

And it was just a pictogram

to sort of show

why more women are dying of heart disease,

despite these good treatments

that we know and we have work.

And when the woman

has male-pattern disease --

so she looks like Barbara in the movie --

they get treated.

And when you have female-pattern and you look like a woman,

as Barbara does here with her husband,

they don't get the treatment.

These are our life-saving treatments.

And those little red boxes are deaths.

So those are the consequences.

And that is female-pattern

and why we think the Yentl syndrome

actually is explaining

a lot of these gaps.

There's been wonderful news also

about studying women,

finally, in heart disease.

And one of the the cutting-edge areas

that we're just incredibly excited about

is stem cell therapy.

If you ask, what is the big difference

between women and men physiologically?

Why are there women and men?

Because women bring new life into the world.

That's all stem cells.

So we hypothesized

that female stem cells might be better

at identifying the injury,

doing some cellular repair

or even producing new organs,

which is one of the things

that we're trying to do with stem cell therapy.

These are female and male stem cells.

And if you had an injured organ,

if you had a heart attack

and we wanted to repair that injured area,

do you want those robust,

plentiful stem cells on the top?

Or do you want these guys,

that look like they're out to lunch?

(Laughter)

And some of our investigative teams

have demonstrated

that female stem cells --

and this is in animals

and increasingly we're showing this in humans --

that female stem cells,

when put even into a male body,

do better than male stem cells

going into a male body.

One of the things that we say

about all of this female physiology --

because again, as much as we're talking about women and heart disease,

women do, on average,

have better longevity than men --

is that unfolding the secrets of female physiology

and understanding that

is going to help men and women.

So this is not a zero-sum game in anyway.

Okay, so here's where we started.

And remember, paths crossed in 1984,

and more and more women

were dying of cardiovascular disease.

What has happened in the last 15 years with this work?

We are bending the curve.

We're bending the curve.

So just like the breast cancer story,

doing research, getting awareness going,

it works, you just have to get it going.

Now are we happy with this?

We still have two to three more women dying for every man.

And I would propose,

with the better longevity

that women have overall,

that women probably should theoretically do better,

if we could just get treated.

So this is where we are,

but we have a long row to hoe.

We've worked on this for 15 years.

And I've told you, we've been working on male-pattern heart disease

for 50 years.

So we're 35 years behind.

And we'd like to think it's not going to take 35 years.

And in fact, it probably won't.

But we cannot stop now.

Too many lives are at stake.

So what do we need to do?

You now, hopefully, have a more personal relationship

with your heart.

Women have heard the call

for breast cancer

and they have come out

for awareness campaigns.

The women are very good about getting mammograms now.

And women do fundraising.

Women participate.

They have put their money where their mouth is

and they have done advocacy and they have joined campaigns.

This is what we need to do with heart disease now.

And it's political.

Women's health, from a federal funding standpoint,

sometimes it's popular,

sometimes it's not so popular.

So we have these feast and famine cycles.

So I implore you

to join the Red Dress Campaign

in this fundraising.

Breast cancer, as we said,

kills women,

but heart disease kills a whole bunch more.

So if we can be as good as breast cancer

and give women this new charge,

we have a lot of lives to save.

So thank you for your attention.

(Applause)