How to pronounce "capitalise"

Transcriber: Sandra Konopka Reviewer: Emma G

Good afternoon.

So, what I want you all to do right now,

is to think of this mammal that I'm going to describe to you.

The first thing I'm going to tell you about this mammal,

is that it is essential for our ecosystems to function correctly.

If we remove this mammal from our ecosystems,

they simply will not work.

That's the first thing.

The second thing is that due to the unique sensory abilities of this mammal,

if we study this mammal,

we're going to get great insight into our diseases of the senses,

such as blindness and deafness.

And the third really intriguing aspect of this mammal,

is that I fully believe that the secret of everlasting youth lies deep within its DNA.

So are you all thinking?

So...

magnificent creature, isn`t it?

Who here thought of a bat?

I can see half the audience agrees with me

and I have a lot of work to do to convince the rest of you.

So, I have had the good fortune for the past 20 years

to study these fascinating and beautiful mammals.

1/5 of all living mammals is a bat.

And they have very unique attributes.

Bats as we know them

have been around on this planet for about 64 mllion years.

One of the most unique things that bats do

as a mammal, is that they fly.

Now, flight is inherently a difficult thing.

Flight within vertebrates has only evolved three times.

Once in the bats,

once in the birds

and once in the pterodactyls.

And so, as with flight it's very metabolically costly.

Bats have learned and evolved how to deal with this.

But one other extremely unique thing about bats

is that they're able to use sound to perceive their environment.

They use echolocation.

Now, what I mean by echolocation.

They emit a sound from their larynx out to their mouth or to their nose.

This sound wave comes out and it reflects and echoes back off objects in their environment.

And the bats then hear these echoes

and they turn this information into an acoustic image.

And this enables them to orient in complete darkness.

Indeed, they do look very strange.

We're humans, we are visual species.

When scientists first realised that bats were up to using sound

to be able to fly and orient and move at night, we didn't believe it.

For a hundred years despite evidence to show that this is what they were doing,

we didn't believe it.

Now, if you look at this bat, it looks a little bit alien.

Indeed, the very famous philosopher, Thomas Nagel once said,

"To truly experience an alien life form on this planet,

you should lock yourself inside a room with the flying echo-locating bat in complete darkness."

And if you look at the actual physical characteristics

on the face of this beautiful horseshoe bat,

you see a lot of these characteristics are dedicated to be able to make sound and perceive it.

Very big ears, strange nose leaves, but teeny-tiny eyes.

So again, if you just look at this bat,

you realise sound is very important for its survival.

Most bats look like the previous one.

However, there are a group that do not use echolocation.

They do not perceive their environment using sound and these are the flying foxes.

If anybody's ever been lucky enough to be in Australia,

you've seen them coming out of the botanic gardens in Sydney.

And if you just look at their face,

you can tell they have much larger eyes and much smaller ears.

So among and within bats is a huge variation in their ability to use sensory perception.

Now, this is going to be important for what I'm going to tell you later during the talk.

Now, if the idea of bats in your belfry terrifies you –

and I know some people probably

are feeling a little sick looking at very large images of bats.

That's propably not that surprising because here,

in Western Culture, bats have been demonised.

Really, of course the famous book "Dracula" written by a fellow northside Dubliner Bram Stoker

propably is mainly responsible for this.

However, I also think it's got to do with the fact that bats come out at night

and we don't really understand them.

We're a little frightened by things that can perceive the world slightly different than us.

Bats are usually synonymous with some type of evil events.

They are the perpetrators in horror movies such as famous "Nightwing".

Also if you think about it, demons always have bat wings,

whereas birds, they typically, or angels, have bird wings.

Now, this is western society and what I hope to do tonight,

is to convince you of the Chinese traditional culture,

that they perceive bats as creatures that bring good luck.

And indeed, if you walk into a Chinese home you may see an image such as this.

This is considered the Five Blessings.

The Chinese word for "bat" sounds like the Chinese word for "happiness".

And they believe that bats bring wealth,

health, longevity, virtue and serenity.

And indeed, in this image you have a picture of longevity surrounded by five bats.

Now, what I want to do tonight, is to talk to you

and to show you that at least three of these blessings

are definitely represented by a bat and that if we study

bats we will get nearer to getting each of these blessings.

So, wealth.

How can a bat possibly bring us wealth?

As I've said before, bats are essential for our ecosystems to function correctly.

And why is this?

Bats in the tropics are major pollinators of many plants.

They also feed on fruit and they disperse the seeds of these fruits.

Bats are responsible for pollinating the tequila plant

and this is a multimillion dollar industry in Mexico.

So indeed, we need them for our ecosystems to function properly.

Without them it's going to be a problem.

But most bats are voracious insect predators.

It's been estimated in the US in a tiny colony of big, brown bats

that they will feed on over a million insects a year.

And in the United States of America right now,

bats are being threatened by a disease known as white-nose syndrome.

It's working its way slowly across the US and wiping out populations of bats.

And scientists have estimated that 1300 metric tons of insects a year

are now remaining in the ecosystems due to the loss of bats.

Bats are also threatened in the US by their attraction to wind farms.

Again, right now bats are looking in a little bit of problem.

They are very threatened in the United States of America alone.

Now how can this help us?

Well, it has been calculated that if we were to remove bats from the equation,

we're gonna have to then use insecticides to remove

all those pest insects that feed on our agricultural crops.

And for one year in the US alone, it's estimated that

it's gonna cost 22 billion US dollars, if we remove bats.

So indeed, bats then do bring us wealth.

They maintain the health of our ecosystems

and also they save us money.

So again, that's the first blessing.

Bats are important for our ecosystems.

What about the second?

What about health?

Inside every cell in your body lies your genome.

Your genome is made up of your DNA,

your DNA codes for proteins that enable you to function and interact and be as you are.

Now, since the new advancements in modern molecular technologies,

it is now possible for us to sequence our own genome in a very rapid time

and a very very reduced cost.

Now, when we've been doing this we realized that there's variations within our genome.

So, I want you to look at the person beside you.

Just have a quick look.

And what we need to realize is that every 300 base pairs in your DNA, you're a little bit different.

And one of the ground challenges right now in modern molecular medicine

is to work out whether this variation makes you more susceptible to diseases?

Or does this variation just make you different?

Again, what does it mean here?

What does this variation actually mean?

So, if we are to capitalise on all of this new molecular data and personalise genomic information

that is coming online, that we will be able to have in the next few years,

we have to be able to differentiate between the two.

So how do we do this?

Well, I believe we just look at nature's experiments.

So, through natural selection, over time, mutations, variations that disrupt the function of a protein

will not be tolerated over time.

Evolution acts as a sieve.

It sieves out the bad variation.

So therefore, if you look at the same region of a genome,

in many mammals they have been evolutionary distant from each other,

and also ecologically divergent.

You will get a better understanding of what the evolutionary prior of that site is.

I.e. if it is important for the mammal to function for its survival,

it will be the same in all of those different species, taxa.

So therefore, if we were to do this, what we would do is

sequence that region and all these different mammals

and ascertain if it's the same or if it's different.

So, if it is the same, this indicates that that site is important for function,

so a disease mutation should fall within that site.

So, in this case here, if all the mammals that we look at have a yellow type genome at that site

it propably suggests that purple is bad.

This could be even more powerful if you look at mammals –

They are doing things slightly differently.

So say for example, the region of the genome that I was looking at

was a region that's important for vision.

If we look at that region in mammals that don't see so well

such as bats, and we find that bats that don't see so well have the purple type,

we know that this is probably what's causing this disease.

So in my lab we've been using bats to look at two different types of diseases of the senses.

We're looking at blindness. And why would you do this?

314 million people are visually impaired

and 45 million of these are blind.

So blindness is a big problem.

And a lot of these blind disorders come from inherited diseases.

So we want to try and better understand which mutations in the gene causes the disease.

Also we look at deafness.

1 in every 1000 newborn babies are deaf.

And when we reach 80, over half of us will also have a hearing problem.

Again, there's many underlying genetic causes for this.

So what we've been doing in my lab is looking at these unique sensory specialists: the bats.

And we have looked at genes that cause blindness when there's a defect in them.

Genes that cause deafness when there's a defect in them.

And now we can predict which sites are most likely to cause disease.

So, bats are also important for our health, to enable us to better understand how our genome functions.

So this is where we are right now.

But what about the future?

What about longevity?

This is where we're going to go.

And as I've said before, I really believe that the secret of everlasting youth lies within the bat genome.

So why should we be interested in aging at all?

Well, really, this is a pictured Rome from the 1500s of the fountain of youth.

Aging is considered one of the most familiar, yet the least well understood aspects of all of biology.

And really, since the dawn of civilization, mankind has sought to avoid it.

But we are going to have to understand it a bit better.

In Europe alone by 2050 there's going to be a 70% increase of individuals over 65.

And 170% increase of individuals over 80.

As we age we deteriorate.

And this deterioration causes problems for our society.

So we have to address it.

So, how could this secret of everlasting youth actually lie within the bat genome?

Does anybody want to hazard a guess over how long this bat could live for?

Who, put up your hands, who says two years.

Nobody?

One?

How about 10 years?

Some.

How about 30?

How about 40?

Ok, it's a whole varied response.

This bat is myotis brandtii.

It's the longest living bat.

It lives for up to 42 years.

And this bat's still alive in the wild today.

But what would be so amazing about this?

Well, typically in mammals there is a relationship between body size,

metabolic rate

and how long you can live for.

And you can predict how long a mammal can live for given its body size.

So, typically small mammals live fast, die young

Think of the mice.

But bats are very different.

As you can see here on this graph,

in blue, these are all of the other mammals.

But bats can live up to 9 times longer than expected despite having a really really high metabolic rate.

And the question is, how can they do that?

There are 19 species of mammals that live longer than expected given their body size than man

and 18 of those are bats.

Therefore, they must have something within their DNA that ables them to deal with the metabolic stresses,

particularly a flight.

They spend 3 times more energy the mammal of the same size

but don't seem to suffer the consequences or the effects.

So right now, in my lab, we're combining state-of-the-art bat field biology –

going out and catching the long-lived bats –

with the most up-to-date modern molecular technology,

to understand better what it is that they do to stop aging, as we do.

And hopefully in the next 5 years I'll be giving you a TED Talk on that.

Aging is a big problem for humanity.

And I believe that by studying bats we can uncover the molecular mechanisms

that enable mammals achieve extraordinary longevity.

If we find out what they're doing, perhaps through gene therapy,

we can enable us to do the same thing.

Potentially, this means that we could hold aging or maybe even reverse it.

And just imagine what that would be like.

So really, I don't think we should be thinking of them as flying demons of the night

but more as our superheroes.

And the reality that bats can bring us so much benefits

if we just look in the right place.

They're good for our ecosystem,

they allow us understand how our genome functions

and they potentially hold secret to everlasting youth.

So tonight, when you walk out of here

and you look up at the night skies

and you see this beautiful flying mammal,

I want you to smile.

Thank you. (Applause)