How to pronounce "ascidian"

Translator: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Camille Martínez

For the past few years,

I've been spending my summers in the marine biological laboratory

in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

And there, what I've been doing is essentially renting a boat.

What I would like to do is ask you

to come on a boat ride with me tonight.

So, we ride off from Eel Pond into Vineyard Sound,

right off the coast of Martha's Vineyard,

equipped with a drone to identify potential spots

from which to peer into the Atlantic.

Earlier, I was going to say into the depths of the Atlantic,

but we don't have to go too deep to reach the unknown.

Here, barely two miles away

from what is arguably the greatest marine biology lab in the world,

we lower a simple plankton net into the water

and bring up to the surface

things that humanity rarely pays any attention to,

and oftentimes has never seen before.

Here's one of the organisms that we caught in our net.

This is a jellyfish.

But look closely,

and living inside of this animal is another organism

that is very likely entirely new to science.

A complete new species.

Or how about this other transparent beauty

with a beating heart,

asexually growing on top of its head,

progeny that will move on to reproduce sexually.

Let me say that again:

this animal is growing asexually on top of its head,

progeny that is going to reproduce sexually in the next generation.

A weird jellyfish?

Not quite.

This is an ascidian.

This is a group of animals

that now we know we share extensive genomic ancestry with,

and it is perhaps the closest invertebrate species to our own.

Meet your cousin,

Thalia democratica.

(Laughter)

I'm pretty sure you didn't save a spot at your last family reunion

for Thalia,

but let me tell you,

these animals are profoundly related to us

in ways that we're just beginning to understand.

So, next time you hear anybody derisively telling you

that this type of research is a simple fishing expedition,

I hope that you'll remember the trip that we just took.

Today, many of the biological sciences only see value

in studying deeper what we already know --

in mapping already-discovered continents.

But some of us are much more interested in the unknown.

We want to discover completely new continents,

and gaze at magnificent vistas of ignorance.

We crave the experience of being completely baffled

by something we've never seen before.

And yes, I agree

there's a lot of little ego satisfaction in being able to say,

"Hey, I was the first one to discover that."

But this is not a self-aggrandizing enterprise,

because in this type of discovery research,

if you don't feel like a complete idiot most of the time,

you're just not sciencing hard enough.

(Laughter)

So every summer I bring onto the deck of this little boat of ours

more and more things that we know very little about.

I would like tonight to tell you a story about life

that rarely gets told in an environment like this.

From the vantage point of our 21st-century biological laboratories,

we have begun to illuminate many mysteries of life with knowledge.

We sense that after centuries of scientific research,

we're beginning to make significant inroads

into understanding some of the most fundamental principles of life.

Our collective optimism is reflected by the growth of biotechnology

across the globe,

striving to utilize scientific knowledge to cure human diseases.

Things like cancer, aging, degenerative diseases;

these are but some of the undesirables we wish to tame.

I often wonder:

Why is it that we are having so much trouble

trying to solve the problem of cancer?

Is it that we're trying to solve the problem of cancer,

and not trying to understand life?

Life on this planet shares a common origin,

and I can summarize 3.5 billion years of the history of life on this planet

in a single slide.

What you see here are representatives of all known species in our planet.

In this immensity of life and biodiversity,

we occupy a rather unremarkable position.

(Laughter)

Homo sapiens.

The last of our kind.

And though I don't really want to disparage at all

the accomplishments of our species,

as much as we wish it to be so and often pretend that it is,

we are not the measure of all things.

We are, however, the measurers of many things.

We relentlessly quantify, analyze and compare,

and some of this is absolutely invaluable and indeed necessary.

But this emphasis today on forcing biological research to specialize

and to produce practical outcomes

is actually restricting our ability to interrogate life

to unacceptably narrow confines and unsatisfying depths.

We are measuring an astonishingly narrow sliver of life,

and hoping that those numbers will save all of our lives.

How narrow do you ask?

Well, let me give you a number.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recently estimated

that about 95 percent of our oceans remain unexplored.

Now let that sink in for a second.

95 percent of our oceans remain unexplored.

I think it's very safe to say

that we don't even know how much about life we do not know.

So, it's not surprising that every week in my field

we begin to see the addition of more and more new species

to this amazing tree of life.

This one for example --

discovered earlier this summer,

new to science,

and now occupying its lonely branch in our family tree.

What is even more tragic

is that we know about a bunch of other species of animals out there,

but their biology remains sorely under-studied.

I'm sure some of you have heard about the fact

that a starfish can actually regenerate its arm after it's lost.

But some of you might not know

that the arm itself can actually regenerate a complete starfish.

And there are animals out there that do truly astounding things.

I'm almost willing to bet

that many of you have never heard of the flatworm, Schmidtea mediterranea.

This little guy right here

does things that essentially just blow my mind.

You can grab one of these animals and cut it into 18 different fragments,

and each and every one of those fragments will go on to regenerate

a complete animal

in under two weeks.

18 heads, 18 bodies, 18 mysteries.

For the past decade and a half or so,

I've been trying to figure out how these little dudes do what they do,

and how they pull this magic trick off.

But like all good magicians,

they're not really releasing their secrets readily to me.

(Laughter)

So here we are,

after 20 years of essentially studying these animals,

genome mapping, chin scratching,

and thousands of amputations and thousands of regenerations,

we still don't fully understand how these animals do what they do.

Each planarian an ocean unto itself,

full of unknowns.

One of the common characteristics

of all of these animals I've been talking to you about

is that they did not appear to have received the memo

that they need to behave according to the rules

that we have derived from a handful of randomly selected animals

that currently populate the vast majority

of biomedical laboratories across the world.

Meet our Nobel Prize winners.

Seven species, essentially,

that have produced for us the brunt of our understanding

of biological behavior today.

This little guy right here --

three Nobel Prizes in 12 years.

And yet, after all the attention they have garnered,

and all the knowledge they have generated,

as well as the lion's share of the funding,

here we are standing [before] the same litany of intractable problems

and many new challenges.

And that's because, unfortunately,

these seven animals essentially correspond

to 0.0009 percent of all of the species that inhabit the planet.

So I'm beginning to suspect

that our specialization is beginning to impede our progress at best,

and at worst, is leading us astray.

That's because life on this planet and its history

is the history of rule breakers.

Life started on the face of this planet as single-cell organisms,

swimming for millions of years in the ocean,

until one of those creatures decided,

"I'm going to do things differently today;

today I would like to invent something called multicellularity,

and I'm going to do this."

And I'm sure it wasn't a popular decision at the time --

(Laughter)

but somehow, it managed to do it.

And then, multicellular organisms began to populate

all these ancestral oceans,

and they thrived.

And we have them here today.

Land masses began to emerge from the surface of the oceans,

and another creature thought,

"Hey, that looks like a really nice piece of real estate.

I'd like to move there."

"Are you crazy?

You're going to desiccate out there. Nothing can live out of water."

But life found a way,

and there are organisms now that live on land.

Once on land, they may have looked up into the sky

and said, "It would be nice to go to the clouds,

I'm going to fly."

"You can't break the law of gravity, there's no way you can fly."

And yet, nature has invented --

multiple and independent times --

ways to fly.

I love to study these animals that break the rules,

because every time they break a rule, they invent something new

that made it possible for us to be able to be here today.

These animals did not get the memo.

They break the rules.

So if we're going to study animals that break the rules,

shouldn't how we study them also break the rules?

I think we need to renew our spirit of exploration.

Rather than bring nature into our laboratories

and interrogate it there,

we need to bring our science

into the majestic laboratory that is nature,

and there, with our modern technological armamentarium,

interrogate every new form of life we find,

and any new biological attribute that we may find.

We actually need to bring all of our intelligence

to becoming stupid again --

clueless [before] the immensity of the unknown.

Because after all,

science is not really about knowledge.

Science is about ignorance.

That's what we do.

Once, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry wrote,

"If you want to build a ship,

don't drum up people to collect wood

and don't assign them tasks and work,

but rather teach them to long for the endless immensity of the sea ..."

As a scientist and a teacher,

I like to paraphrase this to read

that we scientists need to teach our students

to long for the endless immensity of the sea

that is our ignorance.

We Homo sapiens are the only species we know of

that is driven to scientific inquiry.

We, like all other species on this planet,

are inextricably woven into the history of life on this planet.

And I think I'm a little wrong when I say that life is a mystery,

because I think that life is actually an open secret

that has been beckoning our species for millennia to understand it.

So I ask you:

Aren't we the best chance that life has to know itself?

And if so,

what the heck are we waiting for?

Thank you.

(Applause)